Ɔhaw a ɛfa efficiency ho no obiara nka ho asɛm

Ɛha na ɛyɛ anigye. Motor-as-generator efficiency tu mmirika 85-92%, egyina wo ahoɔhare ne wo adesoa so. Inverter no refa cut foforo, bɛyɛ 95% sɛ wɔayɛ no yiye a. Battery a ɛrebɔ ankasa? 90-95% wɔ tebea pa mu. String no bom na wowɔ 60-70% nyinaa regenerative efficiency.

Ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ hu kosi sɛ wobɛkae sɛ ɔkwan foforo a wobɛfa so ayɛ ne friction pads a ɛdan biribiara ma ɛbɛyɛ ɔhyew a wɔsɛe no. 60% wɔ biribi mu boro 0% wɔ biribiara mu.

Nea ɛto nhyehyɛe no nyinaa ano hye ankasa ne sika a wogye tom. Ɛsɛ sɛ lithium ions tu fi cathode mu fa electrolyte mu, kɔ graphite anode mu. Ɛno yɛ diffusion-limited adeyɛ. Force current mu ntɛmntɛm sen sɛnea ions no betumi akɔ mu na wunya lithium plating-metallic deposits wɔ anode no so sen sɛ wobɛkɔ intercalation a ɛfata. Kills capacity, trashes cycle nkwa, nea enye koraa no ma emu shorts.

C-rate kyerɛ wo sɛnea cell betumi abɔ ntɛmntɛm. 1C kyerɛ sɛ charge a edi mũ wɔ dɔnhwerew biako mu. LFP chemistry di 1C a ɛkɔ so daa ho dwuma a ɔhaw biara nni ho. NMC deɛ ɛte saa ara, ɛsono sɛdeɛ nikel a ɛwɔ mu no teɛ. LTO's the outlier-10C sustained efisɛ anode chemistry no titiriw sidesteps plating asɛm no. Ɛno nti na wuhu LTO wɔ applications a brutal regen demands, ɛwom mpo sɛ ahoɔden density no gye hit.

Battery management ne baabi a sika no te

BMS no nnyɛ nhwehwɛmu nko ara-ɛreyɛ gyinaesie a wɔakyekyɛ mu-sekan mu wɔ mprempren gye a wɔgye tom ne ne kyekyɛ wɔ nkwammoaa akuo ahodoɔ mu. Pack a ɛrebɛn ayɛ ma? Headroom ma regen current yera. Nhyehyɛe dodow no ara fi ase anohyeto bɛyɛ 90-95% tebea a charge, koraa disable bɛn maximum voltage. Sɛ woaka EV a, wunim eyi: fi wo kar kwan no so a battery ayɛ ma na regen te nka sɛ wayɛ mmerɛw wɔ akwansin kakraa a edi kan no mu.

Baabi a dodow a wɔn ho bɛtɔ wɔn no ho hia ankasa

Nkurow akɛse mu akwantufo EV ahorow? 15-25% a wɔsan nya ahoɔden. Suban pa. Bɔs ahorow a anyinam ahoɔden wom a ɛfa akwan a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ so? Ɛhɔ na ɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ nokware. BYD bɔs ahorow a ɛwɔ Antelope Valley Transit Authority-37.3% a ɛsan nya ahoɔden wɔ standard 40-foot models, 40.2% wɔ 60-foot articulated. Saa adwuma kyinhyia no yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ ma regen: mpɛn pii deceleration fi ahoɔhare a ɛkɔ so daa.

Mfiridwuma mu application ahorow no de akontaabu ahorow di dwuma. Forklifts a wɔyɛ continuous lift-lower cycles, lɔre a wotu fagude a ɛsiane fi pit rim kɔ beae a wɔyɛ adwuma a nnesoa a ɛyɛ ma. Ahoɔden a ebetumi asakra wɔ saa nsɛm no mu no betumi ayɛ kɛse.

Robin Zeng wɔ CATL frames eyi yiye sen dodow no ara: ɛka wɔ cycle biara, ɛnyɛ upfront bo (rolandberger.com). Ahoɔden dodow a batere no de kɔ, baabi a ɛde kar kɔ, sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ nkwa nna no mu. Ɛno ne nea ɛho hia ma regen applications-sɛ ebia nkwammoaa no betumi adi charge pulses a ɛtaa ba ho dwuma a ɛnsɛe.

Degradation curve no ma nkurɔfo ho dwiriw wɔn

Wobɛsusu sɛ mprempren regen pulses a ɛkorɔn-bɛma onyin ntɛmntɛm. Data ka sɛ ɛnte saa. Breki a ɛsan yɛ adwuma a ɛkorɔn no ne ɔsɛe a ɛso tew no wɔ abusuabɔ ankasa. Adwinnade no ne depth of discharge-bere a regen kyere deceleration ahoɔden pii a, battery no tu mmirika shalower cycles, less deep cycling. Esiane sɛ deep discharge ma tumi fade wɔ lithium-ion nkwammoaa mu nti, aggressive regen betumi atrɛw nkwa nna mu.

Ɔhyew a ɛwɔ regen bere mu no da so ara ho hia. Batere a ɛyɛ nwini yɛ pɛ brɛoo intercalation, plating probability a ɛkorɔn. Battery a ɛyɛ hyew ma afã horow a wɔyɛ no ntɛmntɛm wɔ electrode-electrolyte ntam. BMS thermal models sesa regen current a wɔma ho kwan no gyina cell temperatures a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm so, nanso model no pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ gyina sensor placement ne algorithm sophistication so kɛse. Ɛhɔ na wuhu nsonsonoe a ɛda implementations a ne bo nyɛ den ne nea eye ntam.

Chemistry paw nyɛ biako-kɛse-fata-ne nyinaa. LFP ma wo kyinhyia nkwa a eye kyɛn so ne ɔhyew a ɛyɛ den wɔ charge rates a ɛkɔ fam-fleet applications dɔ no. NMC de saa nneɛma no bi di gua de nya ahoɔden a ɛkɔ soro wɔ baabi a emu duru ne ne kɛse yɛ nea wɔahyɛ no den. LTO de ahoɔden density bɔ afɔre koraa nanso ɛma wo charge acceptance biribi foforo biara ntumi nyɛ pɛ. Nkurow akɛse mu bɔs ahorow a ɛtaa gyina gyinabea a ɛkɔ soro-deceleration, kar a ɛyɛ adwuma a ɛwɔ track-da breki-ɛno ne LTO asasesin.

System integration yɛ den sen sɛnea ɛte

Motor controller, inverter, BMS, kar control unit-wɔn nyinaa ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ biako. Driver ma accelerator no so, a ɛma torque adesrɛ ba. Nya nkyerɛase kɔ motor mprempren ahyɛde. Inverter hwɛ tumi a ɛsen fi motor so kɔ battery so. BMS si so dua sɛ battery no betumi agye saa current no atom a ɛremmu ahobammɔ anohyeto ahorow so. Any component hits a constraint na worefrafra friction braking de akura deceleration rate no mu.

Nsakrae a ɛda regen ne friction ntam no yɛ nea ɛnyɛ den fi ofirikafo no nkongua so, nanso control algorithms a ɛwɔ ɛno akyi no yɛ nea ɛkɔ akyiri. Ɛsɛ sɛ wo nso wohwɛ voltage matching-regen current magnitude gyina nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda motor back-EMF ne battery pack voltage ntam. Kar ahoɔhare a ɛkɔ soro kyerɛ sɛ back-EMF a ɛkorɔn, a ebetumi aboro battery maximum charging voltage. Ɛsɛ sɛ design phase bu saa adwumayɛ mmeae no ho akontaa.

Breki nhyehyɛe a wɔde afrafra yɛ nea wɔahyɛ da ayɛ mprempren wɔ kar ahorow a wɔyɛ mu. Automatically proportion ntam regen ne friction, maximize recovery bere a ma kar nneyɛe kɔ so yɛ predictable. Nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛwɔ hɔ no anya nkɔso kɛse wɔ mfe du a atwam no mu.