Dɛn ne Phase Change Materials?

Phase change materials (PCMs) yɛ nneɛma a ɛtwetwe na ɛma ɔhyew ahoɔden pii fi mu wɔ phase nsakrae mu, mpɛn pii no wɔ tebea a ɛyɛ den ne nsu ntam. Saa nneɛma yi sie ɔhyew sɛ ahoɔden a ahintaw sen sɛ ɛbɛma ɔhyew akɔ soro kɛkɛ, na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛma wotumi kura ɔhyew a ɛkɔ so daa bere a wɔkora ahoɔden kɛse so anaasɛ wogyae no.

Sɛnea Phase Change Materials Yɛ Adwuma

Adwinnade a ɛwɔ PCM ahorow akyi no gyina ɔhyew a ahintaw a wɔkora so so. Sɛ woyɛ nsukyenee hyew a, ɛtwetwe ahoɔden a ɛsakra fi ade a ɛyɛ den mu kɔ nsu mu wɔ 0℃a ɔhyew nkɔ soro-eyi ne phase change nnyinasosɛm a PCM ahorow de di dwuma de hwɛ ɔhyew so.

Wɔ phase nsakrae mu no, PCMs twetwe ɔhyew ahoɔden (endothermic process) bere a ɛrewosow na wogyae (exothermic process) bere a ɛreyɛ den no. Ahoɔden a wɔkora so wɔ unit mass biara mu no boro nneɛma a wɔtaa de di dwuma no so koraa. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nsu hia 333.55 J/g na ama ayɛ hyew, nanso 4.18 J/g pɛ na ama ne hyew akɔ soro digrii biako. Saa nsonsonoe a ɛyɛ mpɛn 80 yi kyerɛ nea enti a phase change storage yɛ adwuma yiye sen ɔhyew a wɔkora so a ntease wom.

Fase change temperature (PCT) no ne parameter a ɛho hia. PCM ahorow yɛ adwuma wɔ ɔhyew pɔtee bi mu-ebinom wɔ -5℃ma awɔw mu nneɛma a wɔkora so, afoforo nso boro 150℃ma mfiridwuma mu nneɛma. Adeɛ no kɔ so tra saa nsakraeɛ hyeɛ yi mu kɔsi sɛ phase nsakraeɛ no nyinaa bɛwie, na ɛma ɔhyeɛ gyina pintinn.

Ɔhyew a ɛkɔ nipadua no mude asɛnnennen titiriw bi ba. PCM ahorow a ɛho tew taa nya nsu a ɛtumi fa mu a ɛba fam (0.2-0.5 W/m·K ma paraffins), na ɛma ɔhyew a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu no brɛ ase. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na mfiridwumayɛfo adi eyi ho dwuma no, wɔde nneɛma a ɛma nsu fa mu te sɛ graphite a wɔatrɛw mu, dade ahurututu, anaa carbon nanotubes ka ho. Saa PCM ahorow a wɔabom ayɛ yi tumi nya conductivity values ​​a ɛboro 2.5 W/m·K bere a wɔkora ɔhyew a ahintaw a ɛkorɔn so.

Nneɛma Ahorow a Wɔde Sesa Fase

PCM ahorow a wɔmfa nnuru nni dwuma wom

Paraffin wax na ɛwɔ saa kuw yi mu titiriw. Paraffin a wonya fi petroleum mu no ma ɔhyew a ɛsakra wɔ fase mu a efi -digrii 10 kosi digrii 70 . Wɔda nnuru a ɛyɛ den adi wɔ ɔhyew-onwini kyinhyia mpempem pii mu, nneɛma a ɛnyɛ nea ɛyɛ hyew, ne nea ɛne nneɛma a wɔde siw ano dodow no ara hyia.

Paraffin a wɔtaa de di gua a ne nwene bɛyɛ digrii 28 no sie bɛyɛ 200 kJ/kg ɔhyew a ahintaw. Nneɛma no nnyɛ supercool kɛse na ɛkyerɛ minimal phase mpaapaemu. Nanso, paraffin wɔ sintɔ abien: ɔhyew a ɛba fam ne ogya a ɛtumi hyew, na ɛma ɛnyɛ nea ɛfata sɛ wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔhyew a ɛkorɔn-mu.

Srade a ɛwɔ nipadua mu no gyina hɔ ma ɔkraman kuw foforo. Nneɛma te sɛ lauric acid (melting point 44℃) ne stearic acid (69℃) yɛ nea nneɛma a nkwa wom tumi sɛe na wonya fi afifide anaa mmoa mu. Wɔde ɔhyew a ahintaw a ɛwɔ 150-180 kJ/kg ne ɔhyew a ɛkɔ yiye sen paraffin ma. Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ fatty acids kura wɔn ɔhyew a wɔkora so no 95% wɔ ɔhyew kyinhyia 1,000 akyi.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) di dwuma a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae. Esiane sɛ molecule mu duru fi 400 kosi 6,000 nti, PEG ahorow no kata ɔhyew a ɛbɔ fi -10℃kosi 65℃so . Nneɛma no bom yiye ne polymers ma form-stable PCMs a ɛnyɛ leak bere a nsu.

PCM ahorow a ɛnyɛ abɔde mu nneɛma

Nkyene nsuo ma ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro (0.5-0.8 W/m·K) ne ɔhyew a ahintaw tumi sen organics. Sodium sulfate decahydrate (Glauber nkyene), a ɛbɔ wɔ 32℃, sie 254 kJ/kg-bɛyɛ 25% sen organic PCMs a wɔde toto ho.

Asɛnnennen titiriw ne supercooling. Nkyene mu nsu betumi akɔ so ayɛ nsu digrii 10-15 wɔ nea ɛyɛ nwini no ase gye sɛ wɔde nneɛma a ɛma nucleating ka ho. Calcium chloride hexahydrate kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nwini kɛse digrii 40 a wɔansa no yare. Nhwehwɛmufo de borax anaa nucleator afoforo ka ho ma ɛkanyan ahwehwɛ wɔ ɔhyew a ɛfata mu.

Phase separation ba bere a nkyene ne nsu afã horow no tetew mu bere a wɔreyɛ kyinhyia mpɛn pii no, na ɛma adwumayɛ sɛe. Nhwehwɛmu a Zhang yɛe wɔ afe 2024 mu no hunuu sɛ sɛ wɔde nneɛma a ɛyɛ den te sɛ carboxymethyl cellulose ka ho a, ɛtew phase separation a ɛwɔ calcium chloride hexahydrate mu no so 73% wɔ cycles 500 mu.

Metal alloys som high-ɔhyew dwumadie. Aluminium-silicon afrafra (melting ~577℃) ne bismuth-kɔbere a wɔaka abom yɛ adwuma wɔ owia ahoɔden mfiri a wɔahyɛ no den mu. Saa metallics yi ma ɔhyew conductivity soronko (20-80 W/m·K) nanso ɛho ka boro organic alternatives mpɛn 5-10.

Eutectic Nneɛma a Wɔde Afrafra

PCM abien anaa nea ɛboro saa a wɔde ka bom no ma wonya eutectic compositions a ɛwɔ properties a ɛyɛ papa. Sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate afrafra (60:40 ratio) no nwene wɔ digrii 220 -a ɛba fam sen ade a ɛho tew biara-bere a ɛkura ɔhyew a ahintaw 100 kJ/kg mu. Wɔde saa "owia nkyene" afrafra yi di dwuma kɛse wɔ ɔhyew ahoɔden a wɔyɛ mu.

Bio-based eutectics repue. Capric ne lauric acid a wɔde afrafra no nya nsunsuanso a ɛwɔ 15-25℃ntam , a eye ma ɔdan mu ɔhyew a wɔhwɛ so. Afe 2025 gua so nsɛm kyerɛ sɛ bio-based PCM nkɔsoɔ renya nkɔsoɔ 20% afe biara berɛ a nsɛm a ɛfa nkwa a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa ho no kɔ soro.

Nnwuma a Wɔde Di Dwuma Wɔ Nnwuma Ahorow Nyinaa Mu

Adansi ne Adansi

Sɛnea U.S. Ahoɔden Dwumadibea kyerɛ no, adan di ahoɔden nyinaa mu 40% wɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔso mu. PCMs a wɔde bɛka adansi nneɛma ho no brɛ saa dwumadie yi ase 15-30% denam passive thermal regulation so.

PCM-enhanced wallboard ma dan mu hyew kɔ so yɛ digrii 20-26 denam awia hyew a ɛboro so a ɛtwetwe na ɛgyae anadwo no so. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ Europa wim tebea mu no kyerɛe sɛ PCM a wɔde ka gypsum board ho no maa HVAC ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma no so tew 28% afe biara. Ade no sie ɔhyew bere a dan mu hyew boro digrii 23 no na ɛma ɛba bere a ɔhyew no kɔ fam sen digrii 21 , na ɛma ɔhyew a ɛtumi siw ne ho so ba.

Konkrit a wɔde di dwuma no kyerɛ nea efi mu ba a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ Shanghai Suapɔn mu kyerɛɛ sɛ PCM-kɔnkrit maa ɔhyew a wɔkora so no nyaa nkɔsoɔ 50% sɛ wɔde toto kɔnkrit a wɔtaa de di dwuma ho a. Wɔ wim tebea a ɛyɛ hyew mu no, PCM kɔnkrit siw ɔhyew mu mpaapaemu ano denam ɔhyew mu nsonsonoe a ɛto ano hye wɔ nneɛma a ɛyɛ den a ɛwɔ adan mu no so.

Wiase nyinaa gua a wɔde si-PCM ahorow a wɔaka abom no duu bɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepem 420 wɔ afe 2024 mu, a egyina hɔ ma PCM gua no nyinaa mu 35%. Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ saa ɔfa yi bɛnya nkɔsoɔ wɔ 16.7% CAGR kɔsi afe 2030 berɛ a adansiɛ ho mmara a ɛfa ahabammono ho no reyɛ katee kɛseɛ.

Battery Ɔhyew a Wɔde Di Dwuma

Lithium-ion batere ma ɔhyew kɛse ba wɔ charge-discharge cycles mu, na ɛde ɔhyew sohwɛ ho nsɛnnennen ba. Adwumayɛ kwan a eye sen biara ma lithium-ion batere dodow no ara yɛ digrii 25-40 ; ɔhyew a ɛboro digrii 50 ma ɔsɛe no yɛ ntɛmntɛm bere a ɛba fam sen digrii 0 , emu ahoɔden a ɛko tia no kɔ soro kɛse.

PCM-based battery thermal management systems (BTMS) di eyi ho dwuma a abɔnten ahoɔden nni dwuma. Wɔde batere no ahyɛ PCM mu anaasɛ wɔde PCM jacket atwa ho ahyia. Wɔ ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn-yɛ adwuma mu no, PCM no twetwe ɔhyew denam nwene so, na ɛma batere hyew kɔ so tra ase wɔ ahwehwɛde a ɛho hia no ase.

Nnansa yi sɔhwɛ ahorow a wɔdelithium dade phosphate batere a wɔde yɛ adwumapacks kyerɛ sɛnea PCM yɛ adwuma yiye. Afe 2025 nhwehwɛmu bi sɔɔ 500 Ah pouch battery hwɛe wɔ 3C discharge rates ase. PCM-dade foam afrafra nhyehyɛe no maa ɔhyew a ɛsen biara no kɔɔ fam sen digrii 40.3 a ɔhyew nsonsonoe yɛ digrii 2.8 pɛ wɔ nkwammoaa nyinaa mu. Sɛ yɛde toto ho a, mframa-nwini nhyehyɛe ahorow no duu digrii 48 a nsonsonoe yɛ digrii 17.2.

PCM ahorow a wɔabom ayɛ no ma adwumayɛ tu mpɔn. Paraffin a wɔde graphite a wɔatrɛw mu (10% wɔ ne mu duru mu) afra mu no nya ɔhyew a ɛkɔ 2.56 W/m·K-a ɛyɛ nkɔso mpɛn 10- sen paraffin a ɛho tew. Saa nneɛma a wɔabom ayɛ yi maa battery pack hyew so tew 25.77% wɔ 4C discharge rates bere a ɛhwɛ cell-to-cell ɔhyew nsakrae so wɔ 5℃.

Electric kar gua no na ɛma BTMS yɛ nneɛma foforo. Ɛnam sɛ EV tɔn bɛkɔ soro 18% afe biara akosi afe 2030 nti, PCM-based thermal solutions de passive, lightweight alternatives ma active liquid cooling systems. Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ PCM nhyehyɛe ahorow de 3-5% pɛ ka battery pack mu duru ho bere a eyi pɔmpɛ ne nsu ho nhama a ɛyɛ den fi hɔ.

Ɛlektrɔnik Nneɛma a Wɔde Di Dwuma Ɔhyew Ho

Ɛlektrɔnik ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn-hyia ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro a ɛboro 100 W/cm2. Amanne kwan so onwini akwan no di aperepere ne miniaturization su ne peak thermal adesoa. PCMs ma ɔhyew buffering bere a wɔde di dwuma spikes.

Smartphone processors ma 8-12W wɔ nnwuma a emu yɛ den mu. PCM sini (0.5-1mm kɛse) a wɔaka abom wɔ ɔyɛkyerɛ no akyi no twetwe ɔhyew yi, na ɛmma ɔhyew a ɛwɔ soro no ntra digrii 42 -a ɛyɛ aboboano a ɛma nea ɔde di dwuma no ho nyɛ no dɛ. PCM no nwene wɔ bere a adesoa kɛse wom mu na ɛsan yɛ den wɔ bere a ɛnyɛ hwee mu.

Data centers gyina hɔ ma beae titiriw bi a wɔde di dwuma. Servers nya thermal loads a ɛsakra a egyina kɔmputa so ahwehwɛde so. PCM onwini nhyehyɛe ahorow no tew ɔhyew a ɛsen biara so digrii 15-20 bere a ɛtew mframa a wɔde yɛ adwuma ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma no so 30%. Adwumayɛbea bi a ɛwɔ Frankfurt de PCM kaa server rack nhyehyɛe ahorow ho, na ɛmaa wɔkoraa ahoɔden so dɔla 280,000 afe biara.

Ntama ne Nneɛma a Wɔhyɛ

Microencapsulated PCMs wɔ ntama mu ma ɔhyew-hyɛ ntade. Microcapsules a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa (micrometer 2-30) no kura paraffin a ɛwɔ digrii 28-32 a ɛyɛ hyew. Sɛ wɔpam saa nhama yi wɔ ntama mu a, ɛtwetwe nipadua mu ɔhyew a ɛboro nsakrae no mu hyew so, na ɛma ɛyɛ nwini.

Agumadi ntade a PCM ka ho no ma fifiri a ɛba no so tew bɛyɛ 48% sɛnea nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ aduruyɛdan mu kyerɛ no. Mfiridwuma no trɛw kɔ aduruyɛ mu dwumadie mu-PCM vests boa ma wɔhwɛ nipadua mu hyeɛ so ma ayarefoɔ a wɔwɔ thermoregulation disorders.

Asraafo dwumadi ahorow de PCM ntade di dwuma ma asraafo a wɔwɔ mmeae a emu yɛ den. U.S. Asraafo sɔɔ PCM jacket ahorow a ɛma nipadua no mu hyew yɛ hyew nnɔnhwerew 4-6 wɔ tebea horow a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu fi digrii -10 kosi digrii 45 a enni ɔhyew anaa onwini a ɛyɛ nnam mu hwɛe.

Owia Ahoɔden a Wɔkora So

Concentrated solar power (CSP) adwumayɛbea ahorow de PCM ahorow di dwuma de sie ɔhyew ahoɔden. Wɔ awiabere nnɔnhwerew mu no, ahwehwɛ twe owia hann si hɔ ma ɛma PCM nneɛma a wɔkora so no yɛ hyew. Ɔhyew a wɔkora so no ma nsu a ɛyɛ hyew ma turbine no yɛ adwuma bere a owia akɔtɔ akyi.

PCM ahorow a egyina nkyene- so yɛ adwuma yiye wɔ digrii 200-400 a ɛho hia ma ahoɔden a wɔde yɛ adwuma. CSP adwumayɛbea bi a ɛwɔ Spain de sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate eutectic afrafra tɔn 1,000 di dwuma, na ɛkora ɔhyew a ɛdɔɔso a ɛbɛma anyinam ahoɔden aba nnɔnhwerew 7.5 wɔ owia akɔtɔ akyi. Eyi trɛw adwumayɛbea no adwumayɛ mfɛnsere mu fi nnɔnhwerew 6 kosi 13.5 da biara.

Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) nhyehyɛe ahorow no ka PCM ahorow bom wɔ owia ahoɔden mfiri akyi. Panel no adwumayɛ so tew 0.5% wɔ digrii Celsius biara mu sen digrii 25 . PCM layers twetwe ɔhyew a ɛboro so, ɛma panel hyew yɛ digrii 10-15 a ɛyɛ nwini na ɛma anyinam ahoɔden a ɛba no tu mpɔn 8-12%. Wobetumi asan anya ɔhyew a wɔakora so no de ayɛ nsu a ɛyɛ hyew, na ama nhyehyɛe no nyinaa adwumayɛ akɔ soro akodu 65% bere a wɔde toto 20% ma PV a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ho.

Cold Chain ne Nneɛma a Wɔde Gu Mu

PCM frigye ahorow kura ɔhyew-nneɛma a ɛyɛ mmerɛw bere a wɔde rekɔ no. Nnwumakuw a wɔyɛ nnuru de PCM packs a ɛwɔ 2-8℃phase change temperatures di dwuma ma vaccine shipment. Nneɛma no ma nnɔnhwerew 24-72 ɔhyew control a ahoɔden a wɔde hyɛ mu.

Afe 2024 fekubɔ bi a ɛda Cold Chain Technologies ne VPL Rx ntam yɛɛ PCM nneɛma a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma a nyansa wom a wɔde ɔhyew a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma a wɔaka abom. Nhyehyɛe no tew vaccine a ɛsɛe bere a wɔde rekɔ no so 40% sɛ wɔde toto nsukyenee-based cooling ho a. PCM kwan no nso maa po so ahyɛn mu duru so tew 35%, na ɛmaa akwantuo ho ka ne carbon a wɔtow gu no so tew.

Aduan adwumayɛbea ahorow a wɔde di dwuma no bi ne PCM panels a ɛwɔ lɔre ahorow a wɔde frigye mu. Saa nnua yi twetwe ɔhyew bere a wɔabue apon na wɔakyɛ wɔ akwantu mu no, na ɛmma ɔhyew nkɔ soro. Field sɔhwɛ ahorow kyerɛɛ sɛ ɔhyew a ɛsakrasakra no so tew 60% na pɛtro a wɔde di dwuma ma frigye unit ahorow no so tew 20%.

Mfiridwuma mu Nsɛnnennen ne Ano Aduru

Ɔhyew a Ɛba Fam

Organic PCMs a ɛho tew no mfa ɔhyew nkɔ yiye-paraffin a ɛwɔ 0.2 W/m·K gye nnɔnhwerew pii ansa na ayow koraa wɔ afã horow a ɛyɛ den mu. Akwan titiriw abiɛsa a wɔfa so nya nkɔso no di eyi ho dwuma:

Graphite a wɔatrɛw mu (EG) .no yɛ matrix a ɛma nsuo fa mu. Sɛ PCM hyɛn EG pores mu a, composite no thermal conductivity kɔ soro mpɛn 5-15. EG 10% adesoa ma paraffin conductivity kɔ soro fi 0.2 kosi 2.5 W/m·K bere a ɛkora mfitiase ɔhyew a ahintaw no 85% so.

Dade a wɔde yɛ ahurututu(aluminum, kɔbere, nikel) ma ɔhyew a ɛkɔ baabi foforo akwan abiɛsa{0}}ma. Kɔbere foam a ɛwɔ 5 pores per inch (PPI) ma conductivity a etu mpɔn kɔ soro kodu 8-12 W/m·K. Nkwammoaa a wɔabue mu nhyehyɛe no ma PCM kɔ mu bere a ɛreyɛ dade ntam nkitahodi a ɛkɔ so ma ɔhyew a ɛsen no.

Nneɛma a wɔde ka nanoparticle hopetepete fa PCM no so. Carbon nanotubes a ɛwɔ 3% mu duru fã no tu mpɔn wɔ conductivity mu 300-400%. Nanso, nanomaterials ma nsu a ɛyɛ den no yɛ kɛse na ɛma ne yɛ yɛ den.

Supercooling a Wɔde Siw Ano

PCM ahorow a ɛnyɛ nkwaboaa taa kɔ so yɛ nsu digrii 5-20 wɔ wɔn nwini ase. Eyi ma ɔhyew a ɛba no kyɛ na ɛtew sɛnea nhyehyɛe no yɛ adwuma no so. Ano aduru no bi ne:

Nneɛma a ɛma nuklea yɛ adwumama mmeae a wɔde ahwehwɛ ayɛ. Sɛ wode borax 2-5% ka sodium sulfate decahydrate ho a, ɛtew supercooling so fi digrii 12 kosi digrii 2 . Titanium dioxide nanoparticles som sɛ nucleators ma nkyene hydrates wɔ 0.5-1% adesoa.

Nneɛma a ɛwɔ soro a ɛyɛ mmerɛwwɔ nsukorade mu no hyɛ heterogeneous nucleation ho nkuran. Aluminium nsukorade a wɔde anhwea ayɛ no kyerɛ sɛ supercooling sua 65% sen nneɛma a ɛyɛ torotoro.

Phase Nkyekyɛmu

Nkyene nsuo tetew mu kɔ nkyene-a ɛdɔɔso ne nsuo-a ɛdɔɔso mu wɔ kyinhyia a wɔasan ayɛ akyi. Nkyene no kɔtra hɔ, na ɛma nneɛma a wɔahyehyɛ no kɔ soro a ɛbrɛ adwumayɛ ase.

Nneɛma a ɛma ɛyɛ dente sɛ hydroxyethyl cellulose kura suspension mu. Wɔ 1-2% dodow mu no, saa polymers yi ma nkyene nketenkete no kyekyɛ, na ɛtrɛw adwumayɛ a ɛyɛ pintinn mu kɔ 1,000+ kyinhyia mu kyerɛ 50-100 a wɔansa.

Nsu a ɛboro sotua stoichiometric a wɔhwere no ho ka. Sɛ wode nsuo a ɛboro soɔ 5-10% ka calcium chloride hexahydrate ho a, ɛmma ɛnyɛ den koraa, na ɛkura nsuo fã a ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛ sɛ wɔbɛfrafra.

Containment ne Nsuo a Ɛtwetwe

Nsu PCM ahorow hia sɛ wɔde siw ano na amma nsu a ɛretu. Encapsulation akwan abiɛsa di eyi ho dwuma:

Microencapsulation a wɔde hyɛ mu(1-1000 micrometers) kata PCM so wɔ polymer akorade mu. Capsules no kɔ so yɛ nea ɛte saa bere a core no nwene no, na ɛma PCM tumi ka adansi nneɛma, ntama, anaa nneɛma a wɔde afrafra ho. Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ akorade no bi ne melamine-formaldehyde, polyurethane, anaa acrylic polymers.

Macroencapsulation a wɔde hyɛ nipadua mu uses larger containers (>1 cm). Plastik nkotoku, dade nkotoku, anaa ahwehwɛ nsukorade kura PCM dodow a efi 50 mL kosi lita pii. Saa kwan yi fata centralized thermal storage nanso ɛde containment mu duru ka ho.

Form-PCM ahorow a ɛyɛ denyi nsukorade ahorow no fi hɔ koraa. Wɔtwetwe PCM no kɔ nneɛma a ɛwɔ abon te sɛ graphite a wɔatrɛw mu, diatomaceous asase, anaa polymer foams mu. Capillary tumi ne soro nhyɛso ma nsu PCM no kɔ so tra pore nhyehyɛe no mu, na esiw nsu a ɛtwetwe bere mpo a ayɛ nwini koraa no.

Guadi mu Nkɔso ne Akwankyerɛ

Mprempren Guadibea Gyinabea

Wiase nyinaa PCM gua no duu dɔla ɔpepepem 1.6-3.0 wɔ afe 2024 mu a egyina gua no nkyerɛase so. Nkɔsoɔ a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm no firi 11.5% kɔsi 18% CAGR, a ɛbɛtumi adu dɔla ɔpepepem 4-10 wɔ afe 2032-2033 mu.

North America di kan wɔ PCM tɔn mu dɔla ɔpepem 854.6 wɔ afe 2024 mu, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛkɔ soro akodu dɔla ɔpepepem 3.1 wɔ afe 2033. Europa di akyi pɛɛ wɔ bɛyɛ wiase nyinaa gua so kyɛfa 40%. Asia-Pacific kyerɛ nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm sen biara-a China, Japan, ne India na ɛde ba-beae a nkuropɔn mu nkɔsoɔ ne ahoɔden a wɔyɛ foforɔ a wɔfa no ma wɔhwehwɛ ɔhyew ho dwumadie ano aduru.

Wɔn a wɔyɛ nneɛma atitiriw no bi ne BASF, Honeywell, Rubitherm Technologies, Phase Change Energy Solutions, ne Dow. Akansie tebea no da so ara yɛ nea emu apaapae; obiara nni hɔ a ɔbɔ bɔɔl biako a odi gua so kyɛfa bɛboro 15% so. Saa mpaapaemu yi da PCM dwumadie ahodoɔ a ɛyɛ soronko adi-nnwuma ahodoɔ hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nhyehyɛɛ soronko ne akwan a wɔfa so ka bom.

Nnwuma a Ɛrepue

Aduruyɛ mu ɔhyew a wɔde di dwumagyina hɔ ma gua a wɔmfaa nni dwuma. PCM vest ahorow no hwɛ nipadua mu hyew so ma ayarefo a wɔwɔ multiple sclerosis, a wɔn ɔhyew a wɔte nka no ka sɛnea wotumi nantew. Ayaresa mu sɔhwɛ ahorow kyerɛ sɛ PCM ntade trɛw abɔnten dwumadi bere mu nnɔnhwerew 3-4 wɔ awɔw bere mu tebea horow mu.

Ahunmu mu nneɛma a wɔde di dwumafa PCM adwumayɛ a ɛnyɛ adwuma no di dwuma. Satellite ahorow nya ɔhyew a ɛsakra fi -150 digrii kosi +150 digrii bere a ɛkyinkyini owia hann ne sunsuma ntam no. PCM nhyehyɛe ahorow no hwɛ mfiri no hyew so wɔ ±5℃mu a wɔmfa ahoɔden nni dwuma. Amanaman Ntam Ahunmu Dwumadibea no de PCM panels di dwuma de yɛ ɔhyew ho nhyehyɛe wɔ sɔhwɛ module ahorow mu.

5G nhyehyɛeonwini di ɔhyew awo ntoatoaso a efi high-frequency electronics mu ho dwuma. Nkwammoaa abantenten nketewa hyehyɛ kɔmputa ahoɔden kɛse gu nneɛma a wɔabɔ ho ban a ɛyɛ ketewaa mu. PCM onwini ano aduru tew mframa a wɔde yɛ adwuma a wɔhwehwɛ no so 40-50%, ɛtew adwumayɛ ho ka so na ɛma ahotoso tu mpɔn wɔ mmeae a ahoɔden nnim.

Nneɛma Foforo a Wɔyɛ

Bio-based PCMs di nsɛm a ɛfa nkwa a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa ho dwuma. Nneɛma a wonya fi afifide mu ngo anaa aduan-grade wax mu no yi petroleum a wɔde wɔn ho to so no fi hɔ na ɛma nkwa awiei-nkwa a wɔsan de di dwuma no tu mpɔn. Bio-PCM gua so kyɛfa renya nkɔanim 20% afe biara, ɛwom sɛ ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ nneɛma a wɔyɛ ho no da so ara yɛ 30-50% sen nea wɔde yɛ nneɛma foforo.

PCM a ɛyɛ den-a ɛyɛ den yi nsuo a wɔde di dwuma ho nsɛnnennen fi hɔ. Saa nneɛma yi sesa wɔ ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe mu a ɛnnwene. Polyethylene glycol-based solid-solid PCMs yɛ adwuma fi -50℃kosi +175℃a ɔhyew a ahintaw a ɛyɛ 100-150 kJ/kg. Wɔrehwehwɛ dwumadie wɔ smart textiles ne adaptive adansi nneɛma mu baabi a leakage koraa ntumi nnye ntom.

Nano-nhanced PCMs kɔ so nya nkɔso. Nnansa yi adwuma a wɔde graphene ne MXene additives ayɛ no kyerɛ sɛ ɔhyew a ɛkɔ mu no mu nkɔso boro mpɛn 15-wɔ 2-3% pɛ a wɔde ahyɛ mu. Nanomaterials no nso ma anyinam ahoɔden tumi kɔ mu, na ebue hokwan ahorow ma PCM nhyehyɛe ahorow a anyinam ahoɔden na ɛkanyan no.

Mmɔdenbɔ a Wɔde Yɛ Standardization

Nnwumakuw nni sɔhwɛ gyinapɛn ahorow a wɔaka abom a ɛfa PCM adwumayɛ ne sɛnea ɛtra hɔ kyɛ ho. Amanaman Ntam Ahoɔden Dwumadibea no Adwuma 42 de akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ɔhyew agyapade a wɔsusuw ho sii hɔ, nanso ɛda so ara yɛ nea wofi wɔn pɛ mu gye tom. Standardization bɛma gua so nkɔsoɔ ayɛ ntɛmntɛm denam adwumayɛ ho nsusuiɛ a wotumi de ho to so a ɛbɛma adwumfoɔ ne end{3}}a wɔde di dwuma no so.

ISO reyɛ gyinapɛn ahorow ama PCM-dansi nneɛma a wɔahyɛ no den, a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wobetintim wɔ afe 2025-2026 mu. Saa gyinapɛn yi bɛkyerɛ adwumayɛ ho gyinapɛn a ɛsua koraa, sɔhwɛ nhyehyɛeɛ, ne ahobanbɔ ahwehwɛdeɛ-titiriw no ɛho hia wɔ ogya ahobanbɔ ho haw a ɛfa organic PCMs ho no.

Nsɛm a Wɔtaa Bisa

Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛwɔ PCM ahorow a ɛwɔ abɔde mu ne nea ɛnyɛ abɔde mu nneɛma ntam?

Organic PCMs (paraffins, fatty acids) ma cycling adwumayɛ a ɛyɛ den na supercooling kakraa bi nanso ɛwɔ thermal conductivity a ɛba fam. PCMs a ɛnyɛ nkwaboaa (nkyene nsuo, dadeɛ) ma nsuo a ɛkɔ soro ne ɔhyew a ahintaw nanso ɛbɛtumi anya supercooling ne phase separation. Ɛka-nyansa no, organics fi $2-8/kg bere a inorganics span $1-15/kg gyina ahotew ahwehwɛde so. Paw no gyina ɔhyew a wɔde di dwuma, mpɛn dodow a wɔde sakre tu, ne ɔhyew mmuae bere a wohia so.

Nneɛma a wɔde sesa phase no di bere tenten ahe?

PCM longevity varies by type and operating conditions. High-quality paraffins maintain >90% adwumayɛ wɔ 10,000 kyinhyia akyi. Nkyene nsuo taa nya kyinhyia 1,000-3,000 a wotumi de ho to so ansa na ɛho hia sɛ wɔsesa. Wɔ adansi applications a 1 cycle da biara, eyi kyerɛ ase sɛ mfe 3-27 ɔsom nkwa. Nneɛma a ɛsɛe no nam nnuru a ɛpaapae, ade a wɔde gu mu a ɛporɔw, anaasɛ nneɛma a ɛsakra nkakrankakra so na ɛba. PCM-container nkabom a wɔpaw no yiye no ma ɔsom nkwa nna trɛw kɛse.

So PCM ahorow betumi ayɛ adwuma wɔ ɔhyew a ano yɛ den mu?

PCM ahorow wɔ hɔ ma ɔhyew a efi -50 digrii kosi +800 digrii . Nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔhyew a ɛba fam mu no de nsu-glycol afrafra anaasɛ organics soronko di dwuma. Ɔhyew nhyehyɛe a ɛkorɔn-de nkyene a wɔabɔ anaa dade a wɔde afra di dwuma. Ade titiriw ne sɛ wɔbɛma PCM melting point ne application ahwehwɛde ahorow ahyia-mpɛn pii no wɔpaw PCT wɔ 2-5℃mu wɔ ɔhyew a wɔde asi wɔn ani so no mu. Nnwuma binom de PCM ahorow pii di dwuma nnidiso nnidiso de kata ɔhyew a ɛtrɛw so anaasɛ ɛma ɔhyew mmuae a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ.

So nneɛma a wɔde sesa phase no yɛ nea asiane biara nni ho?

Ahobanbɔ gyina PCM su ne sɛnea wɔde di dwuma so. Aduan-grade PCMs (srade acid binom, polyethylene glycol) nyɛ awuduru. Paraffins yɛ ogya a ɛtumi hyew-ogya a ɛmma ogya anaasɛ encapsulation brɛ asiane yi ase. Mpɛn pii no, nkyene mu nsu yɛ nea asiane biara nni ho nanso ebi yɛ nea ɛhyɛ honam ani abufuw. Sɛ wɔde siw ano yiye a, ɛmma nsu ntumi nkɔ mu na ɛne ne ho di nkitaho tẽẽ. Mmara kwan so pene a wɔpene so no gu ahorow wɔ ɔmantam biara mu; sɛ nhwɛso no, ɛsɛ sɛ FDA pene so wɔ akwammisa nkrataa a wɔde kɔma aduan a wɔde di nkitaho wɔ United States no ho. PCM nneɛma dodow no ara a wɔtɔn no de ahobammɔ ho nsɛm nkrataa a akwankyerɛ a ɛfa sɛnea wɔde di dwuma ho ka ho.

Nkɔsoɔ a ɛba wɔ phase change materials mu firi niche laboratory curiosities so kɔ aguadi mu thermal management solutions so no da mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ passive thermal control so a wɔregye atom a ɛrenya nkɔanim adi. PCM nkabom kɔ so trɛw wɔ nnwuma ahorow a ɔhyew a ɛbɛkɔ so agyina ne ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma yiye yɛ nneɛma a ɛho hia titiriw no mu. Bere a nsɛnnennen te sɛ ɛka ne sɛnea ɛtra hɔ kyɛ hwehwɛ sɛ wɔkɔ so de wɔn adwene si so no, abɔde mu nneɛma titiriw a ɛfa ɔhyew a ahintaw a wɔkora so ho no hwɛ hu sɛ PCM ahorow no bɛkɔ so ayɛ nea ɛfata bere a ahoɔden nhyehyɛe ahorow renya nkɔso no. Mfiridwuma no ma mfasoɔ a ɛyɛ den titire wɔ dwumadie a nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛyɛ nnam a wɔtaa de di dwuma no nyɛ adwuma ɛnam mu duru, tumi, anaa ahotosoɔ anohyetoɔ nti-a ɛma PCMs nyɛ ɔkwan foforɔ a wɔfa so yɛ onwini kɛkɛ, na mmom ɛtaa yɛ ano aduru baako pɛ a ɛfata ma ɔhyeɛ sohwɛ ho nsɛnnennen pɔtee.