Dɛn ne phase change nneɛma?

Phase Change Materials (PCMS) yɛ nneɛma a ɛtwetwe na ɛma ɔhyew ahoɔden pii fi mu ba wɔ phase nsakrae mu, mpɛn pii no ɛda solid ne liquid tebea horow ntam. Saa nneɛma yi de ɔhyew sie sɛ ahoɔden a ahintaw mmom sen sɛ ɛbɛma ɔhyew akɔ soro ara kwa, na ɛma ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛma ɔhyew no kɔ so tra hɔ bere a wɔde ahoɔden kɛse sie anaasɛ ɛma wonya ahoɔden no.

Sɛnea phase nsakrae nneɛma yɛ adwuma .

Adwinnade a ɛwɔ PCMS akyi no gyina ɔhyew a wɔde sie a ahintaw so. Sɛ wo ma nsukyenee yɛ hyew a, ɛtwetwe ahoɔden ma ɛsakra fi ade a ɛyɛ den mu kɔ nsu mu wɔ 0℃a ɔhyew nkɔ soro-eyi ne phase nsakrae nnyinasosɛm a PCMS de di dwuma ma ɔhyew sohwɛ.

Wɔ phase nsakrae mu no, PCMs twetwe ɔhyew ahoɔden (endothermic process) bere a ɛreyɛ ayɛ hyew na wɔayi no (exothermic process) bere a ɛreyɛ den no. Ahoɔden a wɔkora so wɔ unit mass biara mu no boro nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma daa no so koraa. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nsu hwehwɛ 333.55 j/g na ama ayɛ hyew, nanso 4.18 j/g pɛ na ama ne hyew akɔ soro wɔ digrii biako mu. Saa nsonsonoe a ɛyɛ mpɛn 80 yi kyerɛ nea enti a phase change storage yɛ adwuma yiye sen ɔhyew a wɔkora so a ntease wom.

Phase nsakrae ɔhyew (PCT) no yɛ parameter a ɛho hia. PCM ahorow ahorow yɛ adwuma wɔ ɔhyew pɔtee bi mu-ebi wɔ -5℃ma awɔw mu nneɛma a wɔkora so, afoforo a ɛboro 150℃ma mfiridwuma mu nhyehyɛe ahorow. Nneɛma no kɔ so tra saa nsakrae ɔhyew yi mu kosi sɛ phase nsakrae no nyinaa bɛba awiei, na ɛma ɔhyew no gyina.

Ɔhyew mu nsu a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu .de asɛnnennen titiriw bi ba. PCM a ɛho tew taa nya conductivity a ɛba fam (0.2-0.5 W/m·K ma paraffin), a ɛma ɔhyew a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu no brɛ ase. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔadi eyi ho dwuma no, mfiridwumayɛfo de nneɛma a ɛma nsu fa mu te sɛ graphite a wɔatrɛw mu, dade a wɔde yɛ ahurututu, anaa carbon nanotubes ka ho. Saa composite PCMs yi tumi nya conductivity values ​​a ɛboro 2.5 w/m·k bere a ɛkora heat tumi a ɛkorɔn a ahintaw so.

Nneɛma ahorow a wɔde sesa phase nsakrae .

PCM ahorow a ɛwɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ mmerɛw so .

Paraffin wax di saa kuw yi so. Sɛ wonya fi petroleum mu a, paraffins ma phase change temperatures a efi -10℃kosi 70℃. Wɔda nnuru a ɛyɛ den adi wɔ ɔhyew mpempem pii so-cooling cycles, surrosive properties, ne compatibility ne nneɛma dodow no ara a wɔde siw ano.

A aguadi paraffin a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛyɛ hyew bɛyɛ digrii 28 no sie bɛyɛ 200 kJ/kg ɔhyew a ahintaw. Nneɛma no nnyɛ supercool kɛse na ɛkyerɛ sɛ phase separation kakraa bi. Nanso, paraffins wɔ sintɔ abien: ɔhyew a ɛba fam ne ogya a ɛyɛ hyew, na ɛma ɛnyɛ nea ɛfata ma kɔ soro-temperature applications.

Fatty acids gyina hɔ ma organic class foforo. Nneɛma te sɛ lauric acid (melting point 44℃) ne stearic acid (69℃) no tumi sɛe na efi afifide anaa mmoa mu. Wɔde ɔhyew a ahintaw ma wɔ 150-180 kJ/kg ntam ne ɔhyew a ɛkɔ mu yiye sen paraffin. Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ sradeɛ a ɛwɔ wɔn mu no kura wɔn ɔhyew a wɔkora soɔ no 95% wɔ ɔhyew kyinhyia 1,000 akyi.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) di dwuma a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae wɔ mu. Molecular weights fi 400 kosi 6,000, PEG variants kata ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hyew fi -10℃kosi 65℃. Nneɛma no ne polymers bom yiye ma form-stable PCMs a ɛnyɛ leak bere a ɛyɛ nsu.

PCM ahorow a ɛnyɛ nkwaboaa .

Nkyene hydrates ma ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro (0.5-0.8 W/m·K) ne ɔhyew a ahintaw sen Organics. Sodium sulfate decahydrate (Glauber's Salt), Melting wɔ 32℃, sie 254 kJ/kg-bɛyɛ 25% sen organic PCM a wɔde toto ho.

Asɛnnennen titiriw no ne sɛ wobɛma wo ho ayɛ nwini kɛse. Nkyene hydrates betumi akɔ so ayɛ nsu 10-15℃asen wɔn nwini no gye sɛ wɔde nucleating agents ka ho. Calcium chloride hexahydrate kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ 40℃supercooling a wɔmfa ayaresa biara mma. Nhwehwɛmufo de borax anaa nucleators afoforo ka ho ma ɛkanyan crystallization wɔ ɔhyew a ɛfata mu.

Phase mpaapaemu ba bere a nkyene ne nsu afã horow no tetew mu wɔ kyinhyia a wɔyɛ no mpɛn pii no mu, na ɛyɛ adwuma a ɛbrɛ ase. 2024 nhwehwɛmu a Zhang yɛe no kyerɛe sɛ sɛ wɔde nneɛma a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse te sɛ carboxymethyl cellulose ka ho a, ɛtew phase separation a ɛwɔ calcium chloride hexahydrate mu no so 73% wɔ 500 cycles mu.

Metal alloys som soro-temperature applications. Aluminium-Silicon alloys (melting ~577℃) ne bismuth-Ade a wɔde ka bom yɛ adwuma wɔ owia ahoɔden mfiri a ɛyɛ den mu. Saa dadeɛ yi ma ɔhyeɛ a ɛyɛ soronko (20-80 W/m·K) nanso ɛho ka yɛ 5-10 sene organic alternative.

Eutectic afrafra .

PCM abien anaa nea ɛboro saa a wɔde ka bom no ma eutectic compositions a ɛwɔ ahoɔden a ɛyɛ papa. Sodium nitrate-Potassium nitrate a wɔde afra (60:40 ratio) no yow wɔ 220℃-ɛba fam sen afã biara a ɛho tew-bere a wɔhwɛ ɔhyew a ahintaw 100 kJ/kg so no. Saa "solar salt" afrafra yi yɛ nea wɔde di dwuma kɛse wɔ ɔhyew ahoɔden a wɔde yɛ adwuma mu.

BIO-eutectics a egyina so reba. Capric ne lauric acid a wɔde afra no nya nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛwɔ 15-25℃, a eye ma ɔdan mu ɔhyew sohwɛ ntam. 2025 gua so nsɛm no kyerɛ sɛ BIO-gyina PCM nkɔso renya nkɔso 20% afe biara bere a nkɔso ho haw kɔ soro no.

Nnwuma a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nnwuma ahorow nyinaa mu .

Ɔdansi ne adansi .

Adansi adan no di ahoɔden nyinaa 40% wɔ aman a wɔanya nkɔso mu, sɛnea U.S. ahoɔden dwumadibea no kyerɛ no. PCMs a wɔde bɛka adansi nneɛma ho no ma saa nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma yi so tew 15-30% denam passive thermal regulation so.

PCM{0}}Wallboard a wɔayɛ no kɛse no ma dan mu hyew kɔ so wɔ 20-26℃ntam denam awiabere mu ɔhyew a ɛboro so a wɔtwe na wogyae no anadwo no so. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ Europa wim tebea mu no daa no adi sɛ PCM a wɔde bɛka gypsum board ho no maa HVAC ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma no so tew 28% afe biara. Nneɛma no sie ɔhyew bere a dan mu hyew boro digrii 23 na ɛma ɛyɛ hyew bere a ɔhyew no kɔ fam sen digrii 21 , na ɛma ɔhyew a ɛma ɛyɛ hyew no ba.

Nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma kɔnkrit no kyerɛ nea efi mu ba a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ Shanghai Suapɔn mu no daa no adi sɛ PCM-kɔnkreti no maa ɔhyew a wɔde sie no yɛɛ yiye 50% bere a wɔde totoo kɔnkrit a wɔde di dwuma daa ho no. Wɔ wim tebea a ɛyɛ hyew mu no, PCM kɔnkrit siw ɔhyew mu mpaapaemu ano denam ɔhyew mu nsonsonoe a ɛba anohyeto so wɔ nneɛma a ɛyɛ den a wɔde yɛ nneɛma mu no so.

Wiase nyinaa gua a wɔde si dan-Pcms a wɔaka abom no duu bɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepem 420 wɔ afe 2024 mu, a egyina hɔ ma PCM gua no nyinaa mu 35%. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ saa ɔfa yi bɛnyini wɔ 16.7% CAGR kɔsi 2030 berɛ a adansiɛ ho mmara a ɛyɛ ahabammono no yɛ den.

Battery Ɔhyew a Wɔde Di Dwuma .

Lithium-ion batere ma ɔhyew kɛse ba bere a ɛrebɔ{1}}yiyi kyinhyia ahorow no, na ɛde ɔhyew sohwɛ ho nsɛnnennen ba. Adwumayɛ kwan a eye sen biara ma lithium dodow no ara-ion batere yɛ 25-40℃; Ɔhyew a ɛboro digrii 50 no sɛe ntɛmntɛm bere a ɛba fam sen 0℃, emu ahoɔden no kɔ soro kɛse.

PCM-gyina battery ɔhyew sohwɛ nhyehyɛe (BTMs) address eyi a enni abɔnten tumi a wɔde di dwuma. Wɔde batere no ahyɛ PCM mu anaasɛ PCM jacket atwa ho ahyia. Wɔ-Power adwumayɛ mu no, PCM no twe ɔhyew denam melting so, a ɛma battery hyew kɔ fam sen ahwehwɛde a ɛho hia.

Nnansa yi sɔhwɛ ahorow a wɔayɛ wɔ .Lithium dade a wɔde yɛ phosphate batere .Packs kyerɛ sɛ PCM no yɛ adwuma yiye. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2025 mu no sɔɔ AH kotoku batere 500 hwɛe wɔ 3C a wɔde gu mu no ase. PCM-Metal Foam Hybrid System no maa ɔhyew a ɛsen biara no kɔɔ fam sen 40.3℃a ɔhyew mu nsonsonoe yɛ 2.8℃pɛ wɔ nkwammoaa no nyinaa mu. Sɛ yɛde toto ho a, mframa-nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ nwini no duu digrii 48 a ɛwɔ digrii 17.2.

PCM ahorow a wɔabom ayɛ no ma adwumayɛ yɛ kɛse. Paraffin a wɔde graphite a wɔatrɛw mu (10% wɔ ne mu duru mu) fra mu no nya ɔhyew a ɛkɔ mu a ɛyɛ 2.56 W/m·K-a 10-anya nkɔso mpɛn pii sen paraffin a ɛho tew. Saa composites yi tew battery pack no hyew so 25.77% wɔ 4C discharge rates bere a ɛhyɛ cell-kɔ-nkwaboaa hyew nsakrae mu wɔ 5℃.

Electric kar gua no ma BTMS foforo ba. EV tɔn a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm sɛ ɛbɛkɔ soro 18% afe biara akosi 2030 mu no, PCM-gyinabea ano aduru a egyina so no de nneɛma a ɛnyɛ adwuma, a emu yɛ hare a wɔde si nsu a ɛma onwini a ɛyɛ adwuma ananmu ma. Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ PCM nhyehyɛe ahorow no de 3-5% pɛ na ɛka battery pack mu duru ho bere a ɛreyi pɔmpɛ ne nsu a ɛyɛ den afi hɔ no.

Ɛlektrɔnik nneɛma a ɛma ɔhyew ho nhyehyɛe .

High-Power Electronics face heat flux densities a ɛboro 100 w/cm2. Atetesɛm akwan a wɔfa so ma onwini no di apere wɔ miniaturization su ne ɔhyew adesoa a ɛsen biara ho. PCM ahorow ma ɔhyew buffering bere a wɔde di dwuma spikes.

Smartphone processors ma 8-12W bere a wɔreyɛ nnwuma a emu yɛ den. PCM films (0.5-1mm thick) a wɔaka abom wɔ display no akyi no twetwe saa ɔhyew yi, na esiw soro hyew a ɛboro 42℃-aboboano ma nea ɔde di dwuma no ho a ɛnyɛ no yaw. PCM no nwene wɔ bere a ɛso yɛ kɛse mu na ɛsan yɛ foforo wɔ mmere a ɛnyɛ adwuma mu.

Data centers gyina hɔ ma application beae titiriw bi. Servers nya variable thermal loads a egyina computational demand so. PCM cooling systems brɛ ɔhyew a ɛsen biara ase digrii 15-20 bere a mframa a wɔde yɛ adwuma ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma no so tew 30%. Facility bi a ɛwɔ Frankfurt de PCM kaa server rack designs ho, na ɛmaa afe afe ahoɔden a wɔkora so no yɛ dɔla 280,000.

Ntama ne nneɛma a wɔde hyɛ mu .

Microencapsulated PCMs a ɛwɔ ntama mu no ma ɛyɛ hyew-Ntade a wɔde yɛ adwuma. Microcapsules a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa (micrometer 2-30) no wɔ paraffin a ɛwɔ 28-32℃melting points. Sɛ wɔpam saa capsules yi a, ɛma nipadua no mu hyew kɔ soro sen ɔhyew a ɛsakra no, na ɛma ɛyɛ nwini.

Agumadi ntade a wɔde PCM ka ho no ma fifiri a wɔyɛ no so tew bɛyɛ 48% sɛnea nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ aduruyɛdan mu kyerɛ no. Mfiridwuma no trɛw kɔ aduruyɛ mu dwumadie mu-PCM VESTS boa ma wɔhwɛ nipadua mu hyew so ma ayarefo a wɔwɔ thermoregulation disorders.

Asraafoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no de PCM ntadeɛ di dwuma ma asraafoɔ wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɛyɛ den paa. U.S. Asraafoɔ sɔɔ PCM jackets a ɛma torso hyeɛ a ɛyɛ ahotɔ no hwɛeɛ nnɔnhwereɛ 4-6 wɔ tebea a atwa ho ahyia mu firi -10℃kɔsi 45℃a wɔannya ɔhyew anaa onwini a ɛyɛ nnam.

Owia ahoɔden a wɔkora so .

Afifide a ɛwɔ owia ahoɔden (CSP) a wɔahyɛ no den no de PCM ahorow di dwuma de sie ɔhyew mu ahoɔden. Wɔ awiabere mu no, ahwehwɛ twe adwene si owia hann so ma ɛyɛ hyew wɔ PCM a wɔkora so no mu. Ɔhyew a wɔde asie no ma nsuonwini yɛ adwuma ma turbine no yɛ adwuma bere a owia akɔtɔ akyi.

Nkyene-based PCMs yɛ adwuma yie wɔ 200-400℃a ɛhia ma tumi awoɔ. CSP adwumayɛbea bi a ɛwɔ Spain de sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate eutectic afrafra tɔn 1,000 di dwuma, na ɛkora ɔhyew a ɛdɔɔso so ma ɛyɛ anyinam ahoɔden nnɔnhwerew 7.5 wɔ owiatɔe akyi. Eyi trɛw adwumayɛbea no mfɛnsere a ɛyɛ adwuma no mu fi nnɔnhwerew 6 kosi 13.5 da biara.

Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) nhyehyɛe ahorow no ka PCM ahorow bom wɔ owia ahoɔden a ɛwɔ so no akyi. Panel a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye no so tew 0.5% wɔ digrii biara mu Celsius a ɛboro 25℃. PCM layers no twetwe ɔhyew a ɛboro so, ɛma panel no hyew kɔ so yɛ 10-15℃cooler na ɛma anyinam ahoɔden a ɛba no tu mpɔn 8-12%. Wobetumi asan anya ɔhyew a wɔakora so no ama nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a wɔyɛ no, na ɛma nhyehyɛe no nyinaa yɛ adwuma yiye kodu 65% bere a ɛne 20% hyia ma PV a ɛyɛ gyinapɛn no.

Nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a ɛyɛ nwini ne nea wɔde kyekyere nneɛma ho .

PCM frigye kɔ so yɛ hyew-nneɛma a ɛyɛ mmerɛw bere a wɔde rekɔ no. Nnuruyɛfo nnwumakuw de PCM packs a ɛwɔ 2-8℃phase change temperatures di dwuma ma vaccine shipment. Nneɛma no ma wonya nnɔnhwerew 24-72 a wɔde hwɛ ɔhyew so a enni tumi a wɔde hyɛ mu.

Afe 2024 ayɔnkofa a ɛda Cold Chain Technologies ne VPL RX ntam no yɛɛ Smart PCM packaging a ɛwɔ ɔhyew a wɔaka abom. System no twaa vaccine spoilage bere a wɔde rekɔ no so 40% sɛ wɔde toto ice-gyina onwini ho a. PCM kwan no nso maa po so ahyɛn mu duru so tew 35%, na ɛmaa akwantu ho ka ne mframa bɔne a wɔtow gu no so tew.

Aduan ho adwumayɛbea ahorow no bi ne PCM panel ahorow a ɛwɔ lɔre a wɔde frigye ayɛ mu. Saa nnua yi twetwe ɔhyew bere a wɔrebue ɔpon no ano no na ɛma nneɛma no kyɛ, na ɛmma ɔhyew no nkɔ soro. Afuo mu sɔhwɛ kyerɛɛ sɛ ɔhyew a ɛsakrasakra no so tew 60% na 20% a ɛwɔ petrol a wɔde di dwuma ma refrigeration units no so tew.

Mfiridwuma mu nsɛnnennen ne ano aduru .

Ɔhyew a ɛba fam .

Pure organic PCMs conduct heat poorly-Paraffin a ɛwɔ 0.2 W/m·K no gye nnɔnhwerew pii na ama ayɛ hyew koraa wɔ afã horow a ɛyɛ den mu. Akwan titiriw abiɛsa a wɔfa so ma nneɛma yɛ yiye no di eyi ho dwuma:

Graphite a wɔatrɛw mu (sɛ nhwɛso no) .ɔbɔ conductive matrix. Sɛ PCM kɔhyɛn mu s.e. pores a, composite no thermal conductivity kɔ soro mpɛn 5-15. A 10% s.e. loading ma paraffin conductivity fi 0.2 kosi 2.5 W/m·K bere a ɛkora 85% a ɛyɛ mfitiase ɔhyew a ahintaw no so.

Metal foams .(aluminum, kɔbere, nikel) ma-afã a ɛwɔ ɔhyew mu no nya akwan. Kɔbere foam a ɛwɔ pores 5 wɔ inch biara mu (PPI) no ma conductivity a etu mpɔn kɔ 8-12 W/m·k. Open-cell structure no ma PCM infiltration kwan bere a ɛreyɛ dadeɛ ntam nkitahodiɛ a ɛkɔ so ma ɔhyeɛ no.

Nanoparticle Nneɛma a Wɔde Ka Ho .Fa PCM no petepete so. Carbon nanotubes a ɛwɔ 3% mu duru fã no ma nsuo a ɛkɔ mu no tu mpɔn 300-400%. Nanso, nanomaterials ma viscosity yɛ kɛse na ɛma nneɛma a wɔyɛ no yɛ den.

Supercooling a wɔde siw ano .

PCM ahorow a ɛnyɛ nkwaboaa no taa kɔ so yɛ nsu a ɛyɛ 5-20℃a ɛba fam sen wɔn nwini. Eyi twentwɛn ɔhyew a ɛba no ase na ɛtew nhyehyɛe no ho mmuae so. Ano aduru bi ne:

Nneɛma a ɛma nuklea .Fa crystallization mmeae ma. Borax 2-5% a wɔde ka sodium sulfate decahydrate ho no ma supercooling so tew fi digrii 12 kosi digrii 2 . Titanium dioxide nanoparticles yɛ nucleators ma nkyene hydrates wɔ 0.5-1% loading.

Nneɛma a ɛwɔ soro a ɛyɛ mmerɛw .Wɔ nsukorade mu no, ɛma nuklea ahorow a ɛsono emu biara ba. Aluminium nsukorade a wɔde anhwea abɔ so no kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ supercooling 65% sen nneɛma a ɛyɛ mmerɛw.

Phase mpaapaemu .

Nkyene hydrates tetew mu ma ɛyɛ nkyene{0}}a ɛdɔɔso ne nsu-afɛfɛde ahorow wɔ kyinhyia a wɔasan ayɛ akyi. Nkyene no si, na ɛma composition gradients a ɛbrɛ adwumayɛ ase.

Nneɛma a ɛma ɛyɛ den .Te sɛ hydroxyethyl cellulose no ma ɛkɔ so tra ase. Sɛ ɛyɛ 1-2% a, saa polymers yi ma nkyene nketenkete no kɔ so kyekyɛ, ɛtrɛw adwumayɛ a ɛyɛ den mu kɔ 1,000+ cycles versus 50-100 a wonni ayaresa.

Nsu a ɛboro so .Ɔtua stoichiometric adehwere ho ka. Nsu a ɛboro so 5-10% a wɔde ka calcium chloride hexahydrate ho no siw ano a ɛyɛ den nyinaa, na ɛma nsu fã bi a ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔde frafra no bɛkɔ so.

Nneɛma a wɔde siw ano ne nea ɛtwetwe .

PCM a ɛyɛ nsu no hia sɛ wɔde siw ano na amma nsu no ankɔ mu. Nneɛma abiɛsa a wɔde hyɛ mu no di eyi ho dwuma:

Microencapsulation .(1-1000 micrometers) kata PCM so wɔ polymer abon mu. Capsules no kɔ so yɛ nea ɛwɔ hɔ bere a core no nwene no, na ɛma PCM no ka bom yɛ adansi nneɛma, ntama, anaa nea wɔabom ayɛ no. Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ akutu no bi ne melamine-formaldehyde, polyurethane, anaa acrylic polymers.

Macroencapsulation . uses larger containers (>1 cm). Plastik nkotoku, dade nkotoku, anaa ahwehwɛ a wɔde hyɛ nsu mu no kura PCM dodow fi 50 mL kosi lita pii. Saa kwan yi fata centralized thermal storage nanso ɛde containment weight ka ho.

Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma no{0}}pcms a ɛyɛ den .Yi nsukorade no fi hɔ koraa. PCM no twetwe kɔ nneɛma a ɛwɔ abon mu te sɛ graphite a wɔatrɛw mu, diatomaceous earth, anaa polymer foams. Capillary ahoɔden ne surface tension no kura nsu PCM no mu wɔ pore nhyehyɛe no mu, na esiw nsu a ɛtwetwe no ano bere a ɛwosow koraa mpo no.

Guadi mu Nkɔso ne Akwankyerɛ .

Mprempren gua so tebea .

Wiase nyinaa PCM gua no duu $1.6-3.0 ɔpepepem wɔ 2024 mu a egyina gua no nkyerɛase so. Nkɔsoɔ ho nsusuiɛ firi 11.5% kɔsi 18% CAGR, a ɛbɛtumi adu $4-10 ɔpepepem wɔ afe 2032-2033 mu.

Amerika Atifi fam di kan wɔ PCM a wɔtɔn no dɔla ɔpepem 854.6 wɔ afe 2024 mu, a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛkɔ soro akodu dɔla ɔpepepem 3.1 wɔ afe 2033. Europa di akyi pɛɛ wɔ wiase nyinaa gua so kyɛfa 40%. Asia-Pacific kyerɛ nkɔso a ɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm sen biara-a China, Japan, ne India na ɛkanyan no-beae a nkurow akɛse mu a wɔyɛ ne ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no foforo a wogye tom no ma wonya ahwehwɛde ma ɔhyew sohwɛ ano aduru.

Wɔn a wɔyɛ nneɛma atitiriw no bi ne BASF, Honeywell, Rubitherm Technologies, Phase Change Energy Solutions, ne Dow. Akansie asase no da so ara mu apaapae; Obiara nni hɔ a ɔbɔ bɔɔl biako na odi gua so kyɛfa a ɛboro 15% so. Saa mpaapaemu yi da PCM dwumadie ahodoɔ a ɛyɛ soronko no adi-Nnwuma ahodoɔ hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nhyehyɛeɛ soronko ne akwan a wɔfa so ka bom.

Application ahorow a ɛreba .

Aduruyɛ mu ɔhyew ho nhyehyɛe .Egyina hɔ ma gua a wonnya mfaa nni dwuma. PCM VESTS hwɛ ​​nipadua mu hyew so ma ayarefo a wɔwɔ akisikuru a wɔn ho yɛ wɔn yaw, a wɔn ho yɛ wɔn hyew no. Ayaresa mu sɔhwɛ ahorow kyerɛ sɛ PCM ntade trɛw abɔnten dwumadi bere mu nnɔnhwerew 3-4 wɔ ahohuru bere mu tebea horow mu.

Ahunmu Nneɛma a Wɔde Di Dwuma .Fa PCM adwuma a ɛnyɛ adwuma no di dwuma. Satellite ahorow no nya ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro fi -150℃kosi +150℃bere a ɛkyinkyini wɔ owia hann ne sunsuma ntam no. PCM nhyehyɛe ahorow no hwɛ nnwinnade no hyew so wɔ ±5℃mu a ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma nni mu. Amanaman Ntam Ahunmu Gyinabea no de PCM panels di dwuma ma ɔhyew ho mmara wɔ nhwehwɛmu module ahorow mu.

5G nhyehyɛe .Onwini di ɔhyew awo ntoatoaso ho dwuma fi soro{0}}frequency electronics. Nkwammoaa abantenten nketewa de kɔmputa tumi a ɛho hia hyɛ nneɛma a wɔde abɔ ho ban a ɛyɛ ketewaa mu. PCM Cooling Solutions tew mframa a wɔde yɛ adwuma a wɔhwehwɛ no so 40-50%, ɛtew adwumayɛ ho ka so na ɛma ahotoso a ɛwɔ mmeae a anyinam ahoɔden anohyeto wɔ no tu mpɔn.

Nneɛma foforo a wɔyɛ .

BIO-PCMS a egyina so no di nsɛm a ɛhaw adwene a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa ho no ho dwuma. Nneɛma a wonya fi afifide mu ngo anaa aduan-Grade wax ahorow mu no yi petroleum a egyina so no fi hɔ na ɛma awiei-a ɛwɔ-life recyclability mu no tu mpɔn. Bio-PCM gua so kyɛfa renya nkɔanim 20% afe biara, ɛwom sɛ ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ nneɛma a wɔyɛ ho no da so ara yɛ 30-50% sen nneɛma a wɔde si ananmu.

Solid-Pcms a ɛyɛ den yi nsu a wɔde di dwuma ho nsɛnnennen fi hɔ. Saa nneɛma yi fa crystalline structure nsakrae mu a ɛnyɛ melting. Polyethylene glycol-gyinasoɔ a ɛyɛ den-Pcms a ɛyɛ den no yɛ adwuma firi -50℃kɔsi +175℃a ɛwɔ ɔhyew a ahintaw a ɛyɛ 100-150 kJ/kg. Wɔrehu applications wɔ smart textiles ne adaptive building materials mu wɔ baabi a leakage koraa wontumi nnye ho ntom.

Nano-pcms a wɔayɛ no yiye no kɔ so nya nkɔso. Nnansa yi adwuma a wɔde graphene ne mxene additives ayɛ no kyerɛ sɛ ɔhyew a ɛkɔ so no mu nkɔso boro 15-bɔ wɔ 2-3% pɛ mu. Nanomaterials no nso ma anyinam ahoɔden tumi fa mu, ɛma wotumi bue PCM nhyehyɛe ahorow a anyinam ahoɔden na ɛkanyan no.

Mmɔden a wɔbɔ wɔ gyinapɛn ho .

Nnwumayɛfoɔ nni sɔhwɛ gyinapɛn a ɛyɛ baako ma PCM adwumayɛ ne ne kyɛ. International Energy Agency’s Task 42 de akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ɔhyew agyapade susuw ho sii hɔ, nanso ɛda so ara yɛ nea wofi wɔn pɛ mu yɛ. Standardization bɛma gua so nkɔso ayɛ ntɛmntɛm denam adwumayɛ ho nsusuwii a wotumi de ho to so a wɔde bɛma adwumfo ne wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no awiei-a wɔde di dwuma no so.

ISO reyɛ gyinapɛn ahorow ama PCM{0}}Adansi nneɛma a wɔayɛ no yiye, a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ebetintim wɔ 2025-2026 mu. Saa gyinapɛn ahorow yi bɛkyerɛ adwumayɛ ho gyinapɛn a ɛba fam koraa, sɔhwɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow, ne ahobammɔ ho ahwehwɛde ahorow a ɛho hia titiriw esiane ogya ahobammɔ ho haw ahorow a ɛfa organic PCM ho nti.

Nsɛm a Wɔtaa Bisa .

Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛwɔ PCM ahorow a ɛwɔ organic ne inorganic mu?

Organic PCMs (paraffins, fatty acids) ma cycling adwumayɛ a ɛyɛ den ne supercooling kakraa bi nanso ɛwɔ ɔhyew a ɛkɔ fam. PCM a ɛnyɛ nkwaboaa (nkyene hydrates, metals) ma ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro ne ɔhyew a ahintaw nanso ebetumi anya osuahu kɛse ne phase mpaapaemu. Ɛka-Wɔn mu no, organics fi $2-8/kg bere a inorganics span $1-15/kg gyina ahotew ho ahwehwɛde so. Nea wobɛpaw no gyina sɛnea wɔde di dwuma no hyew, cycling frequency, ne ɔhyew mmuae bere a wohia so.

Bere tenten ahe na phase change nneɛma no tra hɔ?

PCM longevity varies by type and operating conditions. High-quality paraffins maintain >90% adwumayɛ wɔ 10,000 kyinhyia akyi. Nkyene hydrates taa nya 1,000-3,000 a wotumi de ho to so ansa na wɔahwehwɛ sɛ wɔsesa. Wɔ adansi applications a 1 cycle da biara mu no, eyi kyerɛ ase sɛ 3-27 mfe som asetra. Nneɛma a ɛsɛe no nam nnuru a ɛpaapae, nsu a wɔde gu mu no nsɛe, anaasɛ nneɛma a ɛsakra nkakrankakra so na ɛba. Nneɛma a wɔaka abom a wɔde PCM ahyɛ mu ma a wɔpaw no yiye no trɛw ɔsom nkwa mu kɛse.

So PCM ahorow betumi ayɛ adwuma wɔ ɔhyew a ano yɛ den mu?

PCM ahorow no wɔ hɔ ma ɔhyew a efi -50℃kosi +800℃. Low-Ɔhyew mu dwumadie de nsuo di dwuma-glycol afrafra anaa organics soronko. High-Ɔhyew nhyehyɛe ahorow de nkyene a wɔabɔ anaasɛ dade a wɔde afra di dwuma. Nea ɛho hia ne sɛ ɛne PCM melting point no hyia ma application ahwehwɛde ahorow-a mpɛn pii no ɛpaw PCT wɔ 2-5℃a ɛwɔ ɔhyew a wɔde asi w’ani so no mu. Application ahorow bi de PCM ahorow pii di dwuma wɔ ntoatoaso mu de kata ɔhyew a ɛtrɛw so anaasɛ ɛma wonya ɔhyew ho mmuae a wɔde si hɔ.

So phase change nneɛma no yɛ nea ahobammɔ wom?

Ahobanbɔ gyina PCM su ne ne dwumadie so. Aduan-Pcms a ɛyɛ grade (srade bi a ɛyɛ srade, polyethylene glycol) nyɛ awuduru. Paraffins yɛ ogya a ɛyɛ hyew-ogya a ɛmma ogya ntumi nhyew anaasɛ encapsulation brɛ asiane yi ase. Mpɛn pii no, nkyene hydrates yɛ nea asiane biara nni ho nanso ebi yɛ nea ɛhyɛ honam ani. Containment a ɛfata no siw leakage ne direct contact ano. Mmara kwan so pene no gu ahorow wɔ ɔmantam biara mu; Sɛ nhwɛso no, FDA pene ho hia ma aduan a wɔde di nkitaho ho akwammisa wɔ United States. PCM nneɛma dodow no ara a wɔtɔn no bi ne ahobammɔ ho nsɛm nkrataa a ɛwɔ akwankyerɛ a wɔde di dwuma.

Nkɔso a ɛbae wɔ phase change nneɛma mu fi niche laboratory curiosities so kɔ aguadi mu ahoɔden a ɛyɛ hyew sohwɛ ano aduru ahorow no da nkɔso a ɛrenya nkɔanim wɔ passive thermal control mfaso horow ho adi. PCM nkabom kɔ so trɛw wɔ nnwuma mu wɔ baabi a ɔhyew a ɛyɛ den ne ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma yiye yɛ nneɛma a ɛho hia titiriw. Bere a nsɛnnennen te sɛ ɛka ne sɛnea ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ kyɛ no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn adwene si so daa no, abɔde mu nneɛma atitiriw a ɛwɔ ɔhyew a wɔde sie a ahintaw mu no hwɛ hu sɛ PCM ahorow no bɛkɔ so ayɛ nea ɛfata bere a ahoɔden nhyehyɛe ahorow no renya nkɔso no. Mfiridwuma no de bo a ɛyɛ den titiriw ma wɔ dwumadie mu wɔ baabi a nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛyɛ nnam a ɛyɛ adwuma a wɔtaa yɛ no nyɛ adwuma ɛnam emu duru, tumi, anaa ahotosoɔ anohyetoɔ-a ɛma PCM nyɛ ɔkwan foforɔ a wɔfa so ma onwini kɛkɛ, na mmom mpɛn pii no ɛno nko ara ne ano aduru a ɛbɛtumi ayɛ adwuma ama ɔhyeɛ sohwɛ nsɛnnennen pɔtee bi.