Dɛn ne Organic Electrolyte?

Organic electrolyte yɛ aduru a ɛde nsu kɔ baabi a organic compounds yɛ ade a wɔde yɛ nkyene a wɔapete. Saa electrolytes yi ma ion tumi fa electrode ntam wɔ batere mu denam carbon-based solvents te sɛ ethylene carbonate anaa dimethyl carbonate a wɔde di dwuma so, sen sɛ wɔde nsuo anaa nneɛma a ɛnyɛ abɔdeɛ bɛdi dwuma.

Sɛ woasusuw ho pɛn awhats a ɛyɛ lithium batterywɔde, electrolyte no tra ne dwumadi no mu titiriw. Lithium-ion batere gyina organic electrolytes so de fa lithium ions kɔ cathode ne anode ntam wɔ charge ne discharge cycles mu. Sɛ ɛnyɛ saa nsu a wɔde yɛ ade yi a, anka batere no rentumi nyɛ adwuma kɛkɛ.

Nneɛma a wɔtaa yɛ no fa lithium nkyene-a ɛtaa yɛ lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF7)-a wɔde afrafra mu wɔ organic solvents mu. Eyi ma ano aduru a ionic conductivity kɛse wom a ɛma lithium ions a ahoɔden pa wom tumi tu kwan a ɛnyɛ den bere a esiw ɛlɛtrɔnik nsu a ɛsen, a anka ɛbɛma circuit tiawa aba no ba.

Lithium{0}}ion batere a wɔtɔn no de organic mmom sen nsu (nsu-gyina) electrolytes di dwuma esiane ade titiriw bi nti: organic solvents kɔ so gyina hɔ pintinn wɔ ahoɔden a ɛboro 4.5 volts, bere a nsu porɔw boro 1.23 volts wɔ dan mu hyew mu. Saa voltage mfaso yi kyerɛ ase tẽẽ kɔ ahoɔden density batere a ɛkorɔn mu.

Ɛsono sɛnea nneɛma a ɛwɔ organic electrolytes mu no gyina ahwehwɛde ahorow a wɔde di dwuma so, nanso nnuru pii a wɔde siw ano na ɛhyɛ so:

Carbonates a Ɛkyinkyin:

Ethylene carbonate (EC) ma dielectric constant a ɛkorɔn na nkyene a ɛtumi nwura mu yie, ɛwom sɛ ɛyɛ den wɔ dan mu hyeɛ mu de

Propylene carbonate (PC) da so ara yɛ nsu nanso ebetumi ama graphite ayɛ mmerɛw wɔ anode nneɛma bi mu

Vinylene carbonate (VC) taa da adi sɛ ade a wɔde ka ho na ama electrode no atumi agyina pintinn

Carbonates a Ɛyɛ Ntrɛwmu:

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) ma nsuo a ɛyɛ den a ɛba fam ma ion akwantuo pa

Diethyl carbonate (DEC) ma nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu ne ahobammɔ kari pɛ

Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) ka DMC ne DEC nyinaa su ahorow bom

Nnuru dodow no ara a wɔtɔn no de carbonates a ɛyɛ kyinhyia ne nea ɛyɛ linear frafra. Ebia afrafradeɛ a ɛyɛ gyinapɛn no wɔ 30% EC a 70% DEC ka ho, na ɛbɛma nsuo a ɛwɔ nsuo a ɛkɔ soro ne nsunsuansoɔ a ɛfata nyinaa. Wiase nyinaa lithium-ion battery electrolyte solvent gua no duu dɔla ɔpepepem 10.55 wɔ afe 2024 mu na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛkɔ soro akodu dɔla ɔpepepem 28.12 wɔ afe 2034 mu, a ɛkyerɛ hia a saa nneɛma yi ho hia kɛse.

Ether-Nneɛma a Wɔde Yɛ Nneɛma a Egyina So:

1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) ma lithium dade anode ahorow no gyina pintinn

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) ma ɛnyɛ den koraa

1,3-dioxolane ma sakre a wɔde tu kwan no tu mpɔn

Nhwehwɛmufo reyɛ nsu a ɛwɔ ionic nso mu nhwehwɛmu sɛ nnuru a ahobammɔ wom a wɔde besi ananmu. Saa nkyene a wɔanwene yi kɔ so yɛ nsu wɔ dan mu hyew mu na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛma nsu a ɛyɛ hyew no nhyɛso biara nni hɔ, na ɛma entumi nhyew. Nanso, wɔn viscosity a ɛkorɔn no ma ionic conductivity so tew bere a wɔde toto organic solvents a wɔtaa de di dwuma ho no.

Afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma no yɛ tẽẽ nanso ɛyɛ fɛ. Bere a wɔretu no, lithium ions a ɛwɔ anode no mu no gyae kɔ electrolyte no mu na ɛkɔ cathode no so. Elektron, a entumi mfa electrolyte no mu no, fa abɔnten circuit-electron flow yi yɛ anyinam ahoɔden a ɛma mfiri ahoɔden.

Ɛsɛ sɛ electrolyte no di ahwehwɛde ahorow pii a ɛne ne ho di asi ho dwuma. Ɛhia sɛ ɛyɛ viscosity a ɛba fam na ama ion akɔ ntɛmntɛm, dielectric constant a ɛkorɔn na ama lithium nkyene no apaapae, electrochemical stability window a ɛtrɛw na amma ansɛe, ne nnuru a ɛgyina pintinn wɔ electrode abien no nyinaa mu. Nneɛma a ɛma saa nneɛma yi nyinaa kari pɛ a wobenya no da so ara yɛ den.

Ade biako a ɛho hia si wɔ electrode no ani: solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) a wɔhyehyɛ. Sɛ batere no di kan ba a, electrolyte no fã bi porɔw wɔ anode no ani, na ɛma ɛyɛ ade a ɛyɛ tratraa a ɛbɔ ho ban. Saa SEI yi ma lithium ions twam bere a esiw electron ahorow kwan na esiw electrolyte a ɛporɔw bio no ano. Sɛnea saa layer yi yɛ papa na egyina pintinn no nya battery nkwa nna ne ahobammɔ kɛse.

Organic Electrolyte

Electrolytes a ɛwɔ abɔde mu ne nea ɛwɔ nsu mu a wɔpaw no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nneɛma atitiriw a wɔde di gua. Nsuo nhyehyɛeɛ ma ionic conductivity a ɛkorɔn-nsuo molecules de ions kɔ baabiara yie sene organic solvents. Wɔn nso yɛ nea ahobammɔ wom, ne bo nyɛ den, na ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobedi ho dwuma efisɛ nsu ntumi nhyew na ɛnyɛ awuduru.

Nanso saa 1.23-volt stability window no kum nsuo nhyehyɛeɛ ma dwumadie dodoɔ no ara. Lithium-ion batere ahorow no yɛ adwuma wɔ volt 3.7 kosi 4.2, na ɛboro nea nsu betumi agyina ano no so koraa. Nhwehwɛmufo binom de nkyene a wɔde ahyɛ mu kɛse apia nsu nhyehyɛe ahorow akɔ volt 2.0-2.5, nanso eyi de mfaso a ɛwɔ ɛka a wɔbɔ so no bɔ afɔre na ɛde ɔhaw foforo ba.

Organic electrolytes di gua no so ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ nti, na mmom esiane sɛ ɛyɛ ɔkwan a eye sen biara a ɛwɔ hɔ ma high-voltage applications nti. Ahoɔden density mfasoɔ ho hia kɛseɛ-ɛyɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda anyinam ahoɔden kar a ɛwɔ akwansin 100 ne akwansin 300 ntam.

Ade titiriw a enye wɔ organic electrolytes ho ne sɛnea ogya tumi hyew. Carbonate solvents sɔ ntɛm, na lithium-ion batere ogya ma ɔhyew a ano yɛ den ba. Ɔhyew a guankɔ-baabi a ɔhyew a ɛwɔ mu no ma nnuru a ɛma ɔhyew pii ba ntɛmntɛm-betumi ama ogya anaa nneɛma a ɛpae aba.

Akwan pii di asiane yi ho dwuma:

Flame-Nneɛma a Wɔde Ka Ho a Ɛmma Ogya Ntumi Nkɔ:Sɛ wode nnuru te sɛ trimethyl phosphate anaa fluorinated solvents ka ho a, ɛtew ogya a ɛhyew no so. Nhwehwɛmu a wotintimii wɔ afe 2020 mu no kyerɛɛ EC-gyinaso electrolytes a ɛnyɛ hyew a wɔde methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate di dwuma. Nkwammoaa a wɔde saa aduru yi dii dwuma no tuu mmirika kyinhyia 100 wɔ 4.5V charge cutoff-conditions a mpɛn pii no ɛbɛma electrolytes a wɔtaa de di dwuma no asɛe.

Nneɛma a Ɛyɛ Den-Tebea Electrolytes:Sɛ wɔde nneɛma a ɛyɛ den (polymers anaa ceramics) besi nsu electrolytes ananmu a, eyi ogya a ɛtumi hyew no fi hɔ koraa. Nanso, electrolytes a ɛyɛ den hyia nsɛnnennen: ionic conductivity a ɛba fam wɔ dan mu hyew mu, electrode ahorow a ɛnkɔ yiye, ne brittleness. Mfiridwuma no kyerɛ bɔhyɛ nanso ennya nyɛɛ nea ɛne nsu nhyehyɛe ahorow no adwumayɛ nhyia.

Ɛlektrolytes a Ɛwɔ Nsuo a Ɛkorɔn-Nsuo:Sɛ wɔde molar nkyene dodow 3-5 di dwuma sen sɛ wɔde molar 1 a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no bedi dwuma a, ɛsakra electrolyte nhyehyɛe. Wɔ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛyɛ den kɛse mu no, nnuru a wɔde siw ano molecule kakraa bi na ɛda so ara yɛ nea wontumi nkyekyere, na ɛtew ogya a ɛtumi hyew so na ɛma ɛyɛ den. LiFSI (lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide) wɔ nhyehyɛe a ɛte saa mu no ada ahobammɔ a ɛkɔ anim adi bere a ɛkura adwumayɛ pa mu.

Electrolyte gua no renya ntrɛwmu ntɛmntɛm. Lithium battery electrolyte gua no gyinaa $5.8 ɔpepepem wɔ afe 2025 mu na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛduru dɔla ɔpepepem 18.3 wɔ afe 2035 mu, a ɛda afe afe nkɔsoɔ a wɔaka abom a ɛyɛ 12.2% adi. Saa nkɔsoɔ yi firi anyinam ahoɔden kar a wɔgye tom ne grid-scale ahoɔden a wɔkora soɔ a wɔde di dwuma titire.

Asia Pacific na ɛdi nneɛma a wɔyɛ ne nea wɔde di dwuma so, na ɛyɛ wiase nyinaa gua so bɛyɛ 35%. China titiriw ayɛ electrolyte a wɔyɛ kɛse de aboa ne man mu batere adwuma no. Nnwumakuw te sɛ Guangzhou Tinci Materials Technology ne Shenzhen Capchem Technology di wiase nyinaa nneɛma a wɔde ma no anim.

Kar fã no ma ahwehwɛde-elektrik kar ahorow di batere pii sen ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a wɔde di dwuma, a ɛyɛ nea ɛdannan fi mfe anum a atwam no mpo. EV battery pack biara kura electrolyte lita pii, na wiase nyinaa EV tɔn boro ɔpepem 14 wɔ afe 2023. Saa kar a wɔde wɔn adwene si so yi pia nhwehwɛmu kɔ electrolytes a wɔayɛ no yiye ama kyinhyia tenten ne ɔhyew adwumayɛ a ɛtrɛw sen sɛ wɔbɛma ahoɔden a ɛsen biara.

Nhwehwɛmu akwankyerɛ ahorow a wɔayɛ nnansa yi kyerɛ baabi a afuw no rekɔ. Beae biako a ɛhyɛ bɔ ne localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs). Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi de fluorinated solvent kakraa bi a ne bo yɛ den di dwuma de yɛ mpɔtam hɔ tebea a ɛyɛ den kɛse a atwa lithium nkyene no ho ahyia, afei wɔde cosolvent a ne bo nyɛ den a ɛnyɛ adwuma na ɛyɛ eyi. Nea efi mu ba no ka mfaso a ɛwɔ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse - so ne ɛka a ɛfata ne nea ɛyɛ nwini kɛse bom.

Ade foforo a ɛrekɔ so ne sɛ wɔbɛhyehyɛ SEI layer no denam electrolyte a wɔde ka ho so. Nneɛma pɔtee bi a wɔde yɛ nneɛma nketenkete (1-5%) betumi anya nea ɛba wɔ electrode no ani so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Sɛ nhwɛso no, vinylene carbonate pɛ sɛ ɛporɔw ma ɛyɛ SEI sini a ɛyɛ den kɛse. Mprempren nhwehwɛmufo a wɔwɔ batere adwumayɛbea atitiriw no de kɔmputa so nnuru hwehwɛ nneɛma ɔhaha pii a ebetumi de aka ho no mu daa ansa na wɔayɛ nea ɛhyɛ bɔ sen biara no.

-solid-state battery nyinaa gyina hɔ ma twe a wɔtwe wɔn ho fi mprempren mfiridwuma ho kɛse sen biara. Toyota, Samsung, ne QuantumScape ka nnwumakuw a wɔde wɔn sika kɛse hyɛ electrolytes a ɛyɛ den mu no ho. Sɛ ɛyɛ yiye a, saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi betumi ama ahoɔden a ɛboro mprempren lithium-ion batere ahorow 50% bere a eyi ogya ho asiane fi hɔ. Nanso, mfiridwuma mu nsɛnnennen a ɛfa interface stability ne manufacturing at scale ho no da so ara nni ho dwuma.

Lithium nkonimdi no ama nhwehwɛmufo de akwan a ɛte saa ara adi dwuma wɔ sodium-ion batere ho. Sodium dɔɔso koraa na ne bo yɛ mmerɛw sen lithium, na ɛma sodium-ion nhyehyɛe ahorow no yɛ nea ɛyɛ anigye ma nneɛma a wɔde sie baabi a emu duru ho nhia pii. Asɛmpa no: organic electrolytes pii a wɔayɛ ama lithium nhyehyɛe ahorow no ne sodium yɛ adwuma yiye.

Nsɛnnennen no gu ahorow kakra. Sodium ions sõ sen lithium ions, ɛka akwantuo su ne SEI a wɔhyehyɛ. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nsakrae wɔ electrolytes mu na ama wɔatumi adi nsonsonoe ahorow yi ho dwuma. Ɛtɔ da bi a, nnuru a wɔde ester- ayɛ (te sɛ ethyl acetate anaa methyl propionate) yɛ adwuma yiye wɔ sodium mu sen nea egyina carbonate- so.

Mprempren sodium-ion batere a wɔtɔn a efi nnwumakuw te sɛ CATL mu no de organic electrolytes a ɛte sɛ lithium-ion nhyehyɛe di dwuma, mpɛn pii no sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF3) a ɛwɔ carbonate afrafra mu. Mfiridwuma no nnya nhyiaa lithium-ion adwumayɛ, nanso wɔ dwumadie te sɛ owia ahoɔden a wɔkora so wɔ atrae mu no, "eye a ɛdɔɔso" a ɛho ka sua no betumi "ye."

Organic electrolytes di apere wɔ ɔhyew a ɛboro so mu. Wɔ -20℃ase no, viscosity kɔ soro na lithium-ion akwantuo brɛ ase kɛseɛ. Sɛ ɛboro digrii 60 so a, nneɛma a ɛporɔw no yɛ ntɛmntɛm na batere nkwa nna yɛ amane.

Ether-based electrolytes taa di awɔw ho dwuma yiye sen carbonate-based no, ɛwom sɛ wɔde voltage stability bi bɔ afɔre de. Nhwehwɛmu a wotintimii wɔ afe 2024 mu no kyerɛɛ sodium-dade batere a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ -40℃a wɔde ether electrolytes a wɔayɛ no yie na ɛyɛ adwuma. Na ade titiriw no fa kari pɛ solvation nhyehyɛe-sɛnea solvent molecules hyehyɛ twa ions ho hyia-de kɔ so kura ion akwantu mu bere mpo a awɔw wom.

Wɔ ɔhyew a ɛkorɔn- dwumadie mu no, fluorinated ethers ne phosphate esters ma ahoɔden a ɛyɛ papa sene standard carbonates. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, asraafo ne ahunmu nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma no ma ɛfata sɛ wɔbɔ saa electrolytes titiriw yi ho ka kɛse.

Organic electrolytes pue wɔ battery nnuruyɛ mu a ɛboro lithium-ion so. Lithium-sulphur batere a wɔ nsusuwii mu no ɛma ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn kɛse no hia electrolytes a ɛmma polysulfide ntumi nsɛe. Nhwehwɛmufoɔ ayɛ electrolytes soronko a egyina ether- so a wɔde nneɛma te sɛ lithium nitrate ka ho de adi eyi ho dwuma.

Organic flow batteries de organic compounds a wɔapete di dwuma sɛ ade a ɛyɛ adwuma sen sɛ wɔde electrode a ɛyɛ den bedi dwuma. Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi de electrolyte di akɔneaba fa batere no mu, na ɛma ahoɔden a ɛwɔ mu no tumi yɛ kɛse a ɛnyɛ nea efi ahoɔden a efi mu ba no ho. Quinones, viologens, ne TEMPO derivatives a wɔapete wɔ nsu anaa organic electrolytes mu kyerɛ bɔhyɛ ma grid-scale storage.

Ɛtɔ da bi a zinc-mframa batere de organic electrolytes di dwuma de siw zinc dendrite a ɛbɛba ano. Magnesium batere-da so ara wɔ nhwehwɛmu fã kɛse-hia electrolytes soronko efisɛ magnesium nnyɛ pasivating layer te sɛ lithium.

Organic Electrolyte

Nsu nam electrolysis so porɔw wɔ ahoɔden a ɛboro 1.23V mu, na ɛma hydrogen ne oxygen mframa ba. Lithium-ion battery yɛ adwuma wɔ 3.7-4.2V, ɛboro nsuo a ɛtumi gyina pintinn so koraa. Organic solvents kɔ so gyina hɔ pintinn wɔ saa voltages a ɛkorɔn yi mu, na ɛma wotumi sie ahoɔden kɛse wɔ unit mu duru biara mu.

Organic solvents dodow no ara a wɔde di dwuma wɔ batere-carbonates, ethers, esters-kura carbon-hydrogen nkitahodi a ɛyɛ oxidize ntɛm bere a oxygen ne ɔhyew wɔ hɔ. Sɛ batere bi hyɛn thermal runaway mu a, emu hyew betumi aboro digrii 150 , na saa bere no na saa nnuru yi sɔ gya. Lithium nkyene ne electrode nneɛma a ɛyɛ adwuma a ɛwɔ hɔ no ma ɔhyew no yɛ ntɛmntɛm bere a wɔafi ase no.

Electrolyte a ɛsɛe no to battery nkwa nna ano hye ma bɛyɛ 1000-2000 charge cycles wɔ consumer applications mu, anaa mfe 8-10 wɔ electric kar mu. Nneɛma a ɛporɔw kɔ so bere nyinaa wɔ electrode no ani, na ɛwe electrolyte na ɛyɛ insulating layers. Ɔhyew, charge rates, ne voltage ranges nyinaa nya degradation ahoɔhare-gentler dwumadie ma nkwa nna kyɛ.

Mprempren akwan a wɔfa so san de nneɛma foforo di dwuma no twe adwene si dade a ɛsom bo te sɛ lithium, cobalt, ne nickel a wobenya afi electrode ahorow mu so titiriw. Mpɛn pii no, electrolyte no hyew anaasɛ nnuru sɛe bere a wɔde nsu mu dade di dwuma bio no. Akwan foforo bi bɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛsan anya electrolyte afã horow na wɔatew ho, nanso eyi nnya nyɛɛ nea sikasɛm mu akansi ne electrolyte foforo a wɔyɛ fi petroleum feedstocks mu.

Organic electrolyte no gyina hɔ ma saa mfiridwuma a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye araa ma nneɛma foforo a wɔde si ananmu no di apere sɛ wobetu afi hɔ, a wonim anohyeto ahorow mpo. Solid-state nhyehyɛe hyɛ bɔ sɛ ahobammɔ pa, na nsu nhyehyɛe ma ɛka a ɛba fam, nanso organic nsu electrolytes mprempren ma ɛkari pɛ a eye sen biara wɔ adwumayɛ, ahoɔden density, ne manufacturability. Daakye a yɛbɛtumi ahunu no, lithium-ion battery biara a ɛma yɛn fon, laptop, ne kar ahoɔden no bɛkura saa carbon-based ionic conductors yi mililita pii a ɛreyɛ wɔn adwuma a ɛyɛ komm, a ɛho hia.