Dɛn ne organic electrolyte?

Organic electrolyte yɛ aduru a ɛma nkwa a ɛwɔ baabi a organic compounds yɛ ade a wɔde yɛ nkyene a wɔapete. Saa electrolytes yi ma ion kɔ electrode ahorow ntam wɔ batere mu denam carbon-gyina so nnuru te sɛ ethylene carbonate anaa dimethyl carbonate a wɔde di dwuma, sen sɛ wɔde nsu anaa nneɛma a ɛnyɛ abɔde mu nneɛma bedi dwuma.

Dwuma a organic electrolytes di wɔ lithium batere mu .

Sɛ woasusuw ho pɛn a .Whats a ɛyɛ lithium batere .Wɔde electrolyte no ayɛ no, na ɛte ne dwumadi no mu titiriw. Lithium-ion batere gyina organic electrolytes so ma shuttle lithium ions ntam cathode ne anode bere a charge ne discharge cycles. Sɛ ɛnyɛ saa nsu a ɛyɛ nsu yi a, na batere no rentumi nyɛ adwuma kɛkɛ.

Nneɛma a wɔtaa yɛ no fa lithium nkyene-nea wɔtaa de lithium hexafluorophosphate (LIPF1}}a wɔde gu organic solvents a wɔde afra mu no ho. Eyi ma wonya ano aduru a ɛwɔ ionic conductivity a ɛkorɔn a ɛma lithium ions a ɛwɔ ahoɔden pa no tumi tu kwa bere a esiw ɛlɛtrɔnik nsu a ɛsen no ano, na ɛno bɛma akwan ntiantiaa aba.

Commercial lithium-ion battery de organic sen sɛ wɔde nsu (nsu-based) electrolytes bedi dwuma esiane ade titiriw nti: organic solvents kɔ so yɛ den wɔ voltage a ɛboro 4.5 volts, bere a nsu no sɛe boro 1.23 volts wɔ dan mu hyew mu. Saa voltage advantage yi kyerɛ ase tẽẽ kɔ battery a ahoɔden wom kɛse mu.

Nneɛma a wɔtaa de yɛ organic solvents wɔ battery electrolytes mu .

Nneɛma a ɛwɔ organic electrolytes mu no gu ahorow a egyina nea wɔhwehwɛ so, nanso nnuru pii a wɔde siw ano no di so:

Carbonates a ɛyɛ kyinhyia:

Ethylene carbonate (EC) ma dielectric a ɛkɔ soro daa na ɛyɛ papa a ɛyɛ nkyene, ɛwom sɛ ɛyɛ den wɔ dan mu hyew mu .

Propylene carbonate (PC) da so ara yɛ nsu nanso ebetumi ama graphite ayɛ kɛse wɔ anode nneɛma bi mu .

Vinylene carbonate (VC) taa da adi sɛ ade a wɔde ka ho ma electrode no gyina yiye .

Carbonates a ɛyɛ linear:

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) ma ahoɔden a ɛba fam ma ion akwantu yɛ yiye .

Diethyl carbonate (DEC) kari pɛ wɔ nsu a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu ne ahobammɔ mu .

Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) ka DMC ne DEC nyinaa su ahorow bom .

Nneɛma a wɔde di gua dodow no ara frafra cyclic ne linear carbonates. Ebia 30% EC a ɛwɔ 70% dec no bɛkura 30% EC, a ɛbɛma nsuo a ɛwɔ conductivity a ɛkorɔn ne viscosity a ɛfata nyinaa aba. Wiase nyinaa lithium-ion Battery Electrolyte Solvent gua no duu dɔla ɔpepepem 10.55 wɔ afe 2024 mu na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛkɔ soro akodu dɔla ɔpepepem 28.12 wɔ afe 2034 mu, a ɛkyerɛ hia a nneɛma yi ho hia kɛse.

Ether-gyinaso a wɔde yɛ nneɛma:

1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) ma lithium dade anode ahorow no gyina pintinn .

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) de nsu a ɛyɛ den a ɛba fam ma .

1,3-dioxolane ma sakre so a wɔde tu kwan no tu mpɔn .

Nhwehwɛmufo nso reyɛ ionic nsu ho nhwehwɛmu sɛ akwan foforo a ahobammɔ wom. Saa nkyene a ayɛ nwini yi kɔ so yɛ nsu wɔ dan mu hyew mu na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛma mframa a ɛyɛ hyew no yɛ zero, na ɛma ɛyɛ nea ogya ntumi nhyew. Nanso, wɔn viscosity a ɛkorɔn no ma ionic conductivity so tew bere a wɔde toto organic solvents a wɔtaa de di dwuma ho no.

Sɛnea organic electrolytes ma battery yɛ adwuma .

Adwumayɛ kwan no yɛ tẽẽ nanso ɛyɛ fɛ. Bere a nsu no repue no, lithium ions a ɛwɔ anode no mu no gyae kɔ electrolyte no mu na ɛtu kɔ cathode no so. Electrons, a entumi mfa electrolyte no mu no, fa abɔnten circuit no mu-Saa electron flow yi yɛ anyinam ahoɔden a ɛma mfiri ahorow tumi.

Ɛsɛ sɛ electrolyte no di ahwehwɛde ahorow pii a ɛne ne ho di asi ho dwuma. Ɛhia sɛ ɛyɛ nsuo a ɛba fam ma ion a ɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm, dielectric constant a ɛkorɔn na ama lithium nkyene no atetew, wide electrochemical stability window a ɛbɛma atumi asiw porɔw ano, ne nnuru a ɛyɛ den a ɛwɔ electrode abien no nyinaa mu. Nneɛma a wɔhwehwɛ a ɛkari pɛ wɔ saa nneɛma yi nyinaa mu no da so ara yɛ den.

Ade biako a ɛho hia ba wɔ electrode ani so: sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛyɛ electrolyte interphase (SEI) no. Sɛ batere no di kan bɔ a, electrolyte no sɛe kakra wɔ anode no ani, na ɛma ɛyɛ teateaa a ɛbɔ ho ban. Saa SEI yi ma lithium ions no twam bere a esiw electron ahorow ano na esiw electrolyte a ɛporɔw bio no ano. Saa layer yi su ne ne gyinabea nya battery nkwa nna ne ahobammɔ so nkɛntɛnso kɛse.

Organic vs. nsu a ɛwɔ nsu mu .

Nneɛma a ɛwɔ organic ne aqueous electrolytes ntam a wɔpaw no fa nneɛma atitiriw a wɔde di gua ho. Nsuo nhyehyɛeɛ ma ionic conductivity a ɛkorɔn-nsuo molecules tu ions yie sene organic solvents. Wɔn nso yɛ nea ahobammɔ wom, ne bo yɛ mmerɛw, na ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobedi ho dwuma efisɛ nsu nyɛ nea ogya ntumi nhyew anaasɛ awuduru.

Nanso saa 1.23-volt stability window no kum nsuo nhyehyɛeɛ ma dwumadie dodoɔ no ara. Lithium-ion batere yɛ adwuma wɔ volt 3.7 kosi 4.2 ntam, na ɛboro nea nsu betumi agyina ano no so koraa. Nhwehwɛmufo binom apia nsu mu nhyehyɛe ahorow no akɔ 2.0-2.5 volts denam nkyene ano aduru a ɛyɛ den kɛse a wɔde di dwuma so, nanso eyi de ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ ɛka ho no bɔ afɔre na ɛde ɔhaw foforo ba.

Organic electrolytes di gua no so ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ nti, na mmom esiane sɛ ɛyɛ ɔkwan a eye sen biara a ɛwɔ hɔ a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma a ɛkorɔn-voltage applications nti. Energy density advantage no ho hia kɛseɛ-Ɛyɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda anyinam ahoɔden kar a ɛwɔ akwansin 100 ne akwansin 300 ntam.

Ahobammɔ ho nsɛnnennen ne ano aduru .

Ade titiriw a enye wɔ organic electrolytes ho ne ogya a ɛyɛ hyew. Carbonate solvents hyerɛn ntɛm, na lithium-ion battery ogya ma ɔhyew a ano yɛ den ba. Thermal runaway-beae a ɔhyew a ɛwɔ mu no ma nnuru a ɛma ɔhyew ba no yɛ ntɛmntɛm-betumi de ogya anaa nneɛma a ɛpaapae aba.

Akwan pii di asiane yi ho dwuma:

Ogya a ɛrehyew{0}}Aduru a wɔde ka ho a ɛyɛ mmerɛw:Nneɛma te sɛ trimethyl phosphate anaa fluorinated solvents a wɔde ka ho no ma ogya no hyerɛn. Nhwehwɛmu a wotintimii wɔ afe 2020 mu no daa EC-ɛgyina electrolytes a ɛnyɛ ogya a wɔde methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate dii dwuma so. Nkwammoaa a wɔde saa aduru yi dii dwuma no tuu mmirika maa kyinhyia 100 wɔ 4.5V charge cutoff-conditions a mpɛn pii no ɛbɛma electrolytes a wɔtaa de di dwuma no asɛe.

Solid-STATE Electrolytes:Sɛ wode nneɛma a ɛyɛ den (polymers anaa ceramics) si nsu mu electrolytes ananmu a, yi ogya a ɛtumi hyew no fi hɔ koraa. Nanso, electrolytes a ɛyɛ den no hyia nsɛnnennen: ionic conductivity a ɛba fam wɔ dan mu hyew mu, sɛnea ɛne electrode ahorow no di nkitaho yiye, ne sɛnea ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Mfiridwuma no kyerɛ bɔhyɛ nanso ennya nyɛɛ nea ɛne nsu nhyehyɛe ahorow no adwumayɛ hyia.

Ɛkorɔn-nsɛm a ɛwɔ mu a ɛma ɛyɛ adwuma:Sɛ wode molar nkyene dodow 3-5 di dwuma sen sɛ wode 1 molar bedi dwuma a, ɛsakra electrolyte nhyehyɛe no. Wɔ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛyɛ den kɛse mu no, nneɛma a ɛma nneɛma yɛ hyew kakraa bi na ɛkɔ so yɛ nea enni ano, na ɛtew ogya a ɛtumi hyew so na ɛma ɛyɛ den sɛ ɛbɛgyina. Lifsi (lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide) wɔ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛtete saa mu no ada ahobammɔ adi bere a ɛkura adwumayɛ pa mu.

Guadi mu nkɔso ne nkɔso .

Electrolyte gua no renya ntrɛwmu ntɛmntɛm. Lithium Battery Electrolyte gua no gyinaa dɔla ɔpepepem 5.8 wɔ afe 2025 mu na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ebedu afe 2035 no, ebedu dɔla ɔpepepem 18.3, na ɛda afe afe nkɔso a ɛyɛ afrafra a ɛyɛ 12.2% adi. Saa nkɔsoɔ yi firi anyinam ahoɔden kar a wɔfa ne grid-scale energy storage deployment mu titire.

Asia Pacific di nneɛma a wɔyɛ ne nea wɔde di dwuma so, na ɛyɛ wiase nyinaa gua no bɛyɛ 35%. China titiriw ayɛ electrolyte a wɔyɛ no kɛse a ɛbɛboa ne man mu batere adwuma. Nnwumakuw te sɛ Guangzhou Tinci Materials Technology ne Shenzhen Capchem Technology di wiase nyinaa nneɛma a wɔde ma no anim.

Kar fã no ma ahwehwɛde-afew anyinam ahoɔden kar ahorow no di batere pii mprempren sen ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a wɔde di dwuma, a ɛyɛ nsakrae a ɛbae wɔ mfe anum mpo a atwam no mu. EV battery pack biara kura electrolyte lita pii, na wiase nyinaa EV tɔn boro ɔpepem 14 wɔ afe 2023. Saa kar a wɔde wɔn adwene si so yi piapia nhwehwɛmu kɔ electrolytes a wɔayɛ no yiye ma kyinhyia nkwa tenten ne ɔhyew adwumayɛ a ɛtrɛw sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ ahoɔden a ɛsen biara.

Nneɛma a ɛrekɔ so wɔ electrolyte nkɔso mu .

Nnansa yi nhwehwɛmu akwankyerɛ ahorow kyerɛ baabi a afuw no rekɔ. Beae biako a ɛhyɛ bɔ ne localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCES). Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi de fluorinated solvent a ne bo yɛ den kakraa bi di dwuma de yɛ mpɔtam hɔ tebea a ɛyɛ den kɛse wɔ lithium nkyene no ho, afei wɔde cosolvent a ne bo yɛ mmerɛw na ɛnyɛ adwuma no fra eyi mu. Nea efi mu ba no ka mfaso horow a ɛwɔ-concentration systems ne ɛka a ɛfata ne viscosity kɛse no bom.

Ade foforo a ɛrekɔ so ne sɛ wɔbɛma SEI layer no ayɛ nea ɛfata denam electrolyte additives so. Nnuru pɔtee bi (1-5%) betumi anya nea ɛba wɔ electrode no ani no so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Vinylene carbonate no, ɛpɛ sɛ ɛporɔw ma ɛyɛ SEI sini a ɛyɛ den kɛse. Mprempren nhwehwɛmufo a wɔwɔ battery labs a wodi anim no taa de kɔmputa so nnuruyɛ yɛ nneɛma ɔhaha pii a ebetumi de aba no ho nhwehwɛmu ansa na wɔayɛ wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ adwuma no a wɔwɔ anigye kɛse no.

-solid-State battery nyinaa gyina hɔ ma twe a wɔtwe wɔn ho fi mprempren mfiridwuma ho kɛse. Toyota, Samsung, ne Quantumscape ka nnwumakuw a wɔde sika kɛse hyɛ electrolytes a ɛyɛ den mu no ho. Sɛ ɛyɛ yie a, saa nhyehyɛeɛ yi bɛtumi ama ahoɔden densities a ɛkorɔn sene mprempren lithium-ion batere berɛ a ɛreyi ogya ho asiane afiri hɔ. Nanso, mfiridwuma mu nsɛnnennen a ɛfa interface stability ne manufacturing wɔ scale ho no da so ara yɛ nea wontumi nsiesie.

Electrolytes a wɔde yɛ sodium-ion batere .

Lithium nkonimdi no ama nhwehwɛmufo de akwan a ɛte saa ara adi dwuma wɔ sodium-ion batere ho. Sodium yɛ nea ɛdɔɔso koraa na ne bo yɛ mmerɛw sen lithium, na ɛma sodium-ion nhyehyɛe ahorow yɛ fɛ ma nneɛma a wɔkora so a egyina baabi a emu duru ho hia. Asɛmpa no: organic electrolytes pii a wɔayɛ ama lithium nhyehyɛe ahorow no ne sodium yɛ adwuma yiye.

Ɛsono nsɛnnennen no kakra. Sodium ions no sõ sen lithium ions, na ɛka nneɛma a wɔde kɔ ne SEI a ɛba no. Electrolytes hia nsakrae na ama wɔatumi ayɛ saa nsonsonoe ahorow yi. Ester-gyina so nnuru a wɔde siw ano (te sɛ ethyl acetate anaa methyl propionate) ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye wɔ sodium ho sen carbonate-gyinaso a egyina so.

Sodium a wɔtɔn-ion batere a efi nnwumakuw te sɛ CATL mu mprempren de organic electrolytes a ɛte sɛ lithium-ion nhyehyɛe ahorow di dwuma, mpɛn pii no sodium hexafluorophosphate (NAPF1) wɔ carbonate afrafra mu. Mfiridwuma no nnyaa lithium-ion adwumayɛ hyiae, nanso wɔ application te sɛ residential solar storage no, "eye a ɛdɔɔso" a ɛho ka sua no betumi ayɛ "eye."

Ɔhyew adwumayɛ .

Organic electrolytes di apere wɔ ɔhyew a ano yɛ den mu. Ase hɔ -20℃, ntini a ɛyɛ den no kɔ soro na lithium-ion akwantu no brɛ ase kɛse. About 60℃, decomposition reactions ma ɛyɛ ntɛmntɛm na batere nkwa nna yɛ hu.

Ether-gyina so electrolytes mpɛn pii no di awɔw ho dwuma yiye sen carbonate-gyinaso, ɛwom sɛ wɔde voltage a ɛyɛ den bi bɔ afɔre de. Nhwehwɛmu a wotintimii wɔ 2024 mu no daa sodium-dadeɛ batere a ɛreyɛ adwuma wɔ -40℃mu adi denam ether electrolytes a wɔayɛ no yie so. Nea ɛka ho titiriw ne sɛ wɔbɛkari pɛ wɔ solvation structure-Sɛnea solvent molecules no hyehyɛ twa ion ho hyia-sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ion a ɛkɔ so no bɛkɔ so atra hɔ bere a awɔw aba mpo no.

Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi ayɛ adwuma kɛse-temperature applications no, fluorinated ethers ne phosphate esters ma ɛyɛ den yiye sen carbonates a ɛwɔ hɔ daa. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, asraafo ne ahunmu nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma no ma ɛka kɛse a wɔbɔ wɔ saa electrolytes titiriw yi ho no yɛ nea ɛfata.

Beyond lithium-ion: organic electrolytes wɔ nhyehyɛe afoforo mu .

Organic electrolytes pue wɔ battery chemisries a ɛboro lithium-ion so. Lithium-Sulfur batere, a wɔ nsusuwii mu no, ɛma ahoɔden a ɛkɔ soro kɛse no, hwehwɛ electrolytes a esiw polysulfide a ɛbɛpaapae ano. Nhwehwɛmufoɔ ayɛ ether-based electrolytes soronko a wɔde nneɛma a wɔde ka ho te sɛ lithium nitrate di dwuma de di eyi ho dwuma.

Organic flow battery de organic compounds a wɔapete no di dwuma sɛ ade a ɛyɛ adwuma sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ electrode a ɛyɛ den. Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi di akɔneaba wɔ electrolyte mu fa batere no mu, na ɛma ahoɔden tumi no tumi yɛ kɛse a ɛnyɛ nea ɛde ahoɔden ba. Quinones, viologens, ne tempo derivatives a wɔapete wɔ nsu anaa organic electrolytes mu no kyerɛ bɔhyɛ ma grid-scale storage.

Zinc-mframa a wɔde di dwuma no, ɛtɔ da bi a wɔde organic electrolytes di dwuma de siw zinc dendrite a ɛba no ano. Magnesium batere-ɛda so ara wɔ nhwehwɛmu fã ahorow mu-ehia sɛ wɔde electrolytes titiriw na ɛyɛ efisɛ magnesium nyɛ ade a ɛyɛ passivating te sɛ nea lithium yɛ no.

Nsɛm a Wɔtaa Bisa .

Dɛn nti na yentumi mfa nsu nni dwuma sɛ electrolyte wɔ lithium batere mu?

Nsu sɛe denam electrolysis so wɔ voltages a ɛboro 1.23V, na ɛma hydrogen ne oxygen mframa. Lithium-ion batere yɛ adwuma wɔ 3.7-4.2V, a ɛboro nsu no gyinabea so koraa. Organic solvents kɔ so yɛ nea ɛyɛ den wɔ saa voltages a ɛkorɔn yi mu, na ɛma ahoɔden a wɔkora so kɛse wɔ unit mu duru biara mu.

Dɛn na ɛma organic electrolytes yɛ hyew?

Organic solvents dodow no ara a wɔde di dwuma wɔ batere-carbonates, ethers, esters-kura carbon-hydrogen nkitahodi a ɛyɛ ntɛm oxidize wɔ oxygen ne ɔhyew anim. Sɛ batere bi hyɛn ɔhyew mu a, ɔhyew a ɛwɔ mu no tumi boro digrii 150 , na saa bere no na saa nnuru a wɔde siw ano yi hyerɛn. Lithium nkyene ne reactive electrode nneɛma a ɛwɔ hɔ no ma ɔhyew fi ase ntɛmntɛm bere a wɔafi ase no.

Bere tenten ahe na organic electrolytes tra hɔ wɔ batere mu?

Electrolyte degradation to battery lifespan ano hye ma ɛbɛyɛ bɛyɛ 1000-2000 charge cycles wɔ consumer applications mu, anaasɛ mfe 8-10 wɔ anyinam ahoɔden kar mu. Nneɛma a ɛporɔw no kɔ so wɔ electrode soro, di electrolyte na ɛyɛ insulating layers. Ɔhyew, charging rates, ne voltage ranges nyinaa nya degradation speed-gentler a wɔde di dwuma no so nkɛntɛnso ma nkwa nna yɛ kɛse.

So wobetumi ayɛ organic electrolytes bio?

Mprempren akwan a wɔfa so yɛ nneɛma foforo no twe adwene si dade a ɛsom bo te sɛ lithium, cobalt, ne nickel a wobenya afi electrode ahorow mu so titiriw. Electrolyte no taa hyew anaasɛ nnuru sɛe bere a wɔreyɛ hydrometallurgical recycling no. Akwan foforo bi bɔ mmɔden sɛ ɛbɛsan anya electrolyte afã horow no na wɔatew ho, nanso eyi nnya nsii akan wɔ sikasɛm mu wɔ electrolyte foforo a efi petroleum feedstocks mu ba no ho.

Organic electrolyte no gyina hɔ ma saa mfiridwuma no mu biako a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye araa ma akwan foforo a wɔfa so si ananmu no di apere sɛ ebetu afi hɔ, mpo a anohyeto ahorow a wonim. Solid-State nhyehyɛe ahorow hyɛ ahobammɔ pa ho bɔ, na nsu nhyehyɛe ma ɛho ka sua, nanso mprempren organic liquid electrolytes ma adwumayɛ, ahoɔden a ɛyɛ den, ne manufacturability a ɛkari pɛ. Wɔ daakye a ɛda yɛn anim no, lithium biara-ion battery a ɛma yɛn fon, laptop, ne kar ahorow no nya ahoɔden a ɛyɛ mililita pii a ɛwɔ saa carbon-gyinaso ionic conductors a ɛreyɛ wɔn adwuma a ɛyɛ komm, a ɛho hia no mu.