Dɛn ne Lithium Titanate?

Lithium titanate yɛ oxide aduru a wɔadi afra a ɛka lithium, titanium, ne oxygen bom, na wɔtaa hu no sɛ Li4Ti1O12 a ɛwɔ spinel ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe. Saa dɔteɛ adeɛ yi yɛ anode adeɛ titire wɔ lithium-ion batere soronko mu, ɛma ahobanbɔ ne kyinhyia nkwa soronko ɛmfa ho sɛ ahoɔden a ɛwɔ mu no sua sɛ wɔde toto graphite anode a wɔtaa de di dwuma ho a.

Lithium titanate wɔ nnuru ahorow pii mu, nanso spinel variant Li4Ti2O12 na edi batere dwumadie so. Afrafradeɛ no wɔ cubic lattice a ɛwɔ afã mmiɛnsa-a lithium ions di tetrahedral 8a mmeaeɛ, berɛ a titanium ions hyɛ octahedral 16d mmeaeɛ ma wɔ oxygen framework mu. Saa nhyehyeɛ yi ma deɛ nhwehwɛmufoɔ frɛ no "zero-strain" structure-lattice no nya nsakraeɛ a ɛnnu 1% volume nsakraeɛ wɔ charge ne discharge cycles mu.

Spinel nhyehyɛe no ma lithium ions tumi fa ahwehwɛ no mu denam ahuruhuruw a ɛkɔ mmeae a ɛwɔ tetrahedral ne octahedral ntam no so. Wɔ lithiation mu no, ade no dan fi Li4Ti1O12 kɔ Li1Ti1O12, na ɛma lithium ions foforo abiɛsa wɔ formula unit biara mu. Saa ade a wɔde hyɛ mu yi si wɔ bɛyɛ 1.55V bere a wɔde toto lithium dade ho, a ɛkorɔn kɛse sen 0.1V a ɛtaa ba wɔ graphite anode ahorow mu no.

Lithium titanate afoforo bi ne lithium metatitanate (Li2TiO3), powder fitaa a ne nwene boro digrii 1,533 a wɔde di dwuma wɔ dɔte ne nuklea nneɛma mu, ne ramsdellite lithium titanate (Li2Ti3O3), a ɛda bɔhyɛ adi wɔ batere ho nhwehwɛmu titiriw mu. Nsonsonoe biara da titanium-ne-lithium nsusuwii ne ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow adi, na ɛde honam fam ne anyinam ahoɔden su soronko ba.

Lithium Titanate

Sɛ wɔde di dwuma sɛ batere anode a, lithium titanate yɛ adwuma wɔ ɔkwan soronko koraa so sen graphite a wɔtaa de di dwuma no. Adeɛ no nnyɛ solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer wɔ mfitiaseɛ kyinhyia mu ɛfiri sɛ ne adwumayɛ ahoɔden a ɛyɛ 1.55V te electrolyte dodoɔ no ara electrochemical stability window no mu. Standard graphite anodes yɛ adwuma bɛn 0V versus lithium, na ɛde electrolyte porɔwee a ɛyɛ ahobammɔ nanso ɛko tia SEI layer.

Bere a wɔrebɔ charge no, lithium ions tu fi cathode no mu fa electrolyte no mu na ɛkɔhyɛ lithium titanate anode nhyehyɛe no mu. Nanocrystalline kwan a Li4Ti1O12 no ma bɛyɛ mita 100 ahinanan a ɛwɔ gram-boro graphite de mmɔho 30 wɔ gram biara mu. Saa asase ani a wɔatrɛw yi ma ɛlɛtrɔnik tumi hyɛn mu na wofi mu ntɛmntɛm, na ɛboa ma ɛbɔ ntɛmntɛm.

Nneyɛe a ɛtumi dane no di soɔ yi: Li1Ti1O12 + 3Li− + 3e− ↔ Li₇Ti2O12. Nsusuwii tumi no du 175 mAh/g, ɛwom sɛ mfaso a wɔde di dwuma no du 150-170 mAh/g. Bere a graphite de nsusuwii tumi a ɛkorɔn ma wɔ 372 mAh/g no, lithium titanate nam ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn ne nkwa tenten so tua ka.

Redox tumi a ɛkorɔn a titanium oxide wɔ sɛ wɔde toto graphite ho no ma ahobammɔ mu mfaso a efi awosu mu ba. Lithium dendrites-needle-te sɛ dade nhyehyɛe a ebetumi atutu batere mu mpaapaemu na ɛde akwan tiawa-ntaa mma wɔ lithium titanate ani. Saa ahobanbɔ margin yi da adi sɛ ɛho hia ma mprempren dwumadie a ɛkorɔn-a anode a wɔtaa de di dwuma no de asiane to asiane mu sɛ wɔbɛguan afiri ɔhyeɛ mu.

Lithium titanate batere kyerɛ kyinhyia nkwa a ɛboro lithium-ion nnuru afoforo so. Aguadi nkwammoaa taa nya 10,000 kosi 30,000 full charge-discharge cycles ansa na tumi no akɔ fam akodu 80% wɔ mfitiase de no. Toshiba 2024 nkyerɛkyerɛmu kyerɛ sɛ 45,000 cycles wɔ 10C rate ma wɔn high-power SCiB nkwammoaa. Sɛ yɛde toto ho a, lithium-ion batere a wɔde nneɛma a wɔtaa de di dwuma di dwuma no taa di kyinhyia 2,000-3,000.

Saa nkwa tenten yi fi zero-strain nhyehyɛe no mu. Graphite anodes trɛw bɛyɛ 10% wɔ lithiation bere mu, na ɛde mfiri nhyɛso a ɛpaapae nneɛma nketenkete mu na ɛsɛe tumi wɔ kyinhyia a wɔtaa yɛ no mu ba. Lithium titanate dodow a ɛsakra kakraa bi no kora nhyehyɛe no mudi mu kura so wɔ kyinhyia mpempem pii akyi mpo.

Fast charging gyina hɔ ma su foforo a ɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu. Lithium titanate batere tumi charge fi 0% kosi 80% tumi wɔ simma 6-10 mu a ɛnsɛe kɛse. 2011 Chongqing anyinam ahoɔden bɔs ahorow no daa saa tumi yi adi wɔ nneyɛe mu-bɔs ahorow 37 a ne tenten yɛ mita dumien a wɔde lithium titanate nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ kWh 80 ahyɛ mu a wɔde 400 kW chargers di dwuma de bɔɔ ho ka nyinaa wɔ simma 10 mu. Toshiba nkwammoaa a ahoɔden kɛse wom a aba foforo no charge kɔ 80% wɔ simma 1 pɛ mu wɔ 48C rate mu.

Ɔhyew a ɛyɛ adwuma no ma lithium titanate da nsow wɔ nea wɔde si ananmu no ho. Saa batere yi yɛ adwuma a wotumi de ho to so fi digrii -40 kosi digrii 60 a ahoɔden a ɛyera a ɛtaa ba wɔ nnuru afoforo mu wɔ tebea horow a emu yɛ den mu no nni mu. Spinel nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ den no ma ionic conductivity kɔ so wɔ saa beae yi nyinaa, na ɛma mfiridwuma no fata ma Arctic nhyehyɛe, wim tebea a ɛyɛ hyew kar a wɔde di dwuma, ne ahunmu mfiri a ɔhyew a wɔhwɛ so ma emu duru ne nsɛnnennen ka ho.

Ahobanbɔ adwumayɛ wɔ ayayade tebea mu boro lithium-ion ahorow afoforo. Lithium titanate nkwammoaa twa nnadewa a ɛkɔ mu, ɛbɔ, ne nea ɛboro so ho sɔhwɛ ahorow mu a ogya anaa ɔtopae biara nni mu. Ade no thermal guanway threshold te bɛyɛ 270℃, boro adwumayɛ mu hyew koraa na ɛkorɔn sen nnuru foforo dodow no ara. Saa ahobanbɔ ho nsɛm yi da adi sɛ ɛho hia ma nneɛma akɛseɛ-ahyɛdeɛ te sɛ grid storage facilities a cell baako a ɛdi huammɔ betumi ayɛ cascade.

Ade a enye koraa ne ahoɔden a ɛyɛ den. Lithium titanate batere no de 30-110 Wh/kg pɛ ma wɔ gravimetric kwan so na ɛkɔ 177 Wh/L volumetrically. Lithium-ion batere a wɔtaa de di dwuma a wɔde graphite anodes ne nickel-manganese-cobalt cathodes di dwuma no nya 200-300 Wh/kg. Saa ɔhaw a ɛyɛ mprɛnsa kosi du yi kyerɛ sɛ lithium titanate batere gye baabi pii na emu duru yɛ kɛse ma ahoɔden a ɛne no sɛ akora so.

Ahoɔden a ɛba fam no di akyi tẽẽ kɔ adwumayɛ ahoɔden so. Lithium titanate nkwammoaa ma 2.3-2.4V nominal voltage sɛ wɔde toto 3.6-3.7V ma standard lithium-ion ho a. Saa voltage a ɛyera-a egyina hɔ ma bɛyɛ 1V-kyerɛ ase tẽẽ kɔ ahoɔden a wɔkora so a ɛso atew wɔ unit mass biara mu. Mpɛn pii no, nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma wɔ baabi a emu duru ne emu duru ho hia kɛse, te sɛ ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a wɔde di dwuma ne kar a anyinam ahoɔden kɔ akyirikyiri no ntumi nnye saa aguadi yi ntom.

Ɛka a wɔbɔ no de akwanside foforo ba wɔ mmofra a wɔbɛfa wɔn ayɛ wɔn mma a wɔtrɛw mu. Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, lithium titanate batere nkwammoaa bo bɛyɛ $1.50 wɔ watt-dɔnhwerew biara mu, bere a lithium iron phosphate nkwammoaa bo bɛyɛ $0.40 wɔ watt-dɔnhwerew biara mu. Bo a wɔbɔ no fi nneɛma pii mu: ahwehwɛde a ɛyɛ den a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma ho, nsu a ɛyɛ nwini a wɔhwɛ so pɛpɛɛpɛ bere a wɔreyɛ, nneɛma a wɔde di kan a egyina titanium- so a ne bo yɛ den, ne nneɛma a wɔyɛ no dodow a ɛba fam sɛ wɔde toto nnuruyɛ atitiriw ho a.

Adeyɛ no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ so yiye. Sintering Li4Ti2O1 hwehwɛ sɛ ɔhyew a ɛyɛ 600-850℃gyina synthesis kwan so, a bere tenten a wɔde yɛ adwuma sen graphite electrode ahosiesie. Anatase anaa rutile TiO2 kakraa bi betumi aba sɛ ɔhyew a wɔhwɛ so no da adi sɛ ɛnyɛ nea ɛfata a, ɛsɛe anyinam ahoɔden adwumayɛ. Lithium titanate a wɔayɛ no nanostructured a ɛkorɔn hwehwɛ nnwinnade a ɛyɛ nwonwa a wɔde yɛ ne nimdeɛ.

Bɔs ahorow a anyinam ahoɔden wom gyina hɔ ma lithium titanate mfiridwuma a wɔde di dwuma kɛse sen biara wɔ aguadi mu. Chemistry no tumi a ɛde charge ntɛmntɛm no ma wotumi de hokwan charge wɔ bɔs gyinabea ahorow, na ɛma wotumi de batere nketewa a ɛbɔ asotwe a ɛwɔ mu duru no ho dwuma. Microvast de lithium titanate batere ma Europa anyinam ahoɔden bɔs yɛfo a Wrightbus New Routemaster double-deckers a ɛwɔ London, baabi a 1,000 de batere nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ kWh 18 na ɛyɛ adwuma ka ho.

Grid ahoɔden a wɔkora so nhyehyɛe ahorow no de lithium titanate di dwuma kɛse ma frequency regulation ne ancillary services. Altairnano de lithium titanate mfiridwuma yɛɛ 20 MW/5 MWh ahoɔden a wɔkora so. Saa installations yi de mmuae bere ne kyinhyia nkwa di kan sen ahoɔden density-su ahorow wɔ baabi a lithium titanate di mu. Batere ahorow no tumi yɛ ho biribi wɔ milisekɔn mu wɔ grid frequency nsakrae ho na egyina mfe 30-40 a wɔde tu da biara da sakre ano.

Keteke akwan a wɔde di dwuma no de lithium titanate ɔhyew a ɛma ɛyɛ hyew ne ahobammɔ a ɛwɔ mu no di dwuma. Siemens Mireo Plus B battery-electric trains hyɛɛ aseɛ yɛɛ adwuma wɔ April 2024 a Toshiba lithium titanate cells na ɛma ahoɔden a ɛwɔ mfeɛ 15-a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛtumi ayɛ adwuma. British Rail Class 93 tri-mode keteke ahorow de lithium titanate batere di dwuma de tu mmirika wɔ nhama afã horow a anyinam ahoɔden nnim so. Japan N700S Shinkansen de mfiridwuma no di dwuma de yɛ adwuma ntɛm ara a ɛnyɛ ntɛmntɛm bere a anyinam ahoɔden asɛe no.

Ɛlektrɔnik mfiri a wɔde di dwuma de lithium titanate di dwuma wɔ nsɛm titiriw a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde charge ntɛmntɛm anaasɛ wotumi de ho to so kɛse mu. Samsung Galaxy Note series no de lithium titanate battery di dwuma wɔ S-Pen stylus no mu, na ɛma wotumi gyina hɔ nnɔnhwerew 10 fi sikani 40 charge mu. Seiko Kinetic dɔn ahorow de lithium titanate batere sii capacitors ananmu na ama ahoɔden a wɔde sie ne nkwa nna a wɔde di dwuma no yɛɛ yiye.

Mfiridwuma mu mfiri a efi kar a wɔde kyerɛ kwan a wɔde afiri yɛ so kosi nnuru a wɔde fa so paw lithium titanate bere a ahobammɔ ne sakre nkwa nna ma ɛfata sɛ wɔbɔ ka kɛse no. Tempest wim tebea ho adwumayɛbea no de lithium titanate batere a ne ahoɔden yɛ 1,300 mAh a ɛnam owia ahoɔden mfiri so na ɛbɔ ho ka di dwuma, na egye nnɔnhwerew 4 pɛ owia hann adapɛn abien biara. Asraafo ne ahunmu nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma no bu sɛnea nnuru no yɛ adwuma wɔ ɔhyew a ano yɛ den ne ogya ho asiane ahorow a ɛko tia mu no sɛ ɛsom bo.

Sɛ yɛbɛte baabi a lithium titanate fata ase a, ɛboa sɛ wubehudɛn ne lithium batere ahorowwɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so-wɔyɛ mfiri a wɔde sie ahoɔden a wotumi de hyɛ mu bio a ɛde lithium ions kɔ electrode ahorow ntam de sie na ɛma anyinam ahoɔden ahoɔden fi mu. Wɔ saa lithium-ion batere abusua yi mu no, lithium titanate di niche soronko bi a wɔde ne anode ade kyerɛkyerɛ mu. Lithium batere dodow no ara de graphite anode ahorow a wɔde cathode ahorow-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC), anaa lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) abɔ mu na edi dwuma. Lithium titanate batere ahorow no da nsow denam Li4Ti1O12 a wɔde di dwuma sɛ anode, a mpɛn pii no wɔde lithium manganese oxide anaa lithium iron phosphate cathodes ka ho no so.

Sɛ wɔde toto LFP batere ho a, lithium titanate ma kyinhyia nkwa nna tenten mpɛn 5{1}}10 ne awɔw{2}}wim tebea mu adwumayɛ a ɛkorɔn, nanso ɛma ahoɔden dodow no nkyem abiɛsa mu biako kosi fã biako pɛ. LFP nkwammoaa bo bɛyɛ $0.40/Wh bere a wɔde toto $1.50/Wh ma lithium titanate ho no. Nnuru abien no nyinaa si ahobammɔ so dua sen ahoɔden a wɔde yɛ adwuma, na ɛma ɛyɛ akwan foforo a wɔfa so de di dwuma wɔ baabi a ogya ho asiane de ɔhaw kɛse ba.

NMC ne NCA batere na ɛhyɛ anyinam ahoɔden kar a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ ɛkɔ akyirikyiri sen biara no so. Saa nnuru yi de 200-250 Wh/kg-lithium titanate ahoɔden density mmɔho abien anaa abiɛsa-ma ɛma wotumi twa akwansin 300-500. Nanso, wɔde sakre tu mmirika mpɛn 1,000-2,000 pɛ na ɛde asiane kɛse a ɛma woguan fi ɔhyew mu ba. Kar ahorow a anyinam ahoɔden de di kan a wɔde bere tenten a wɔbɔ wɔ akwansin biara ho ne nea wɔbɔ ntɛmntɛm te sɛ nkurow akɛse mu kar ahorow a wɔde nneɛma kɔ ne kurow mu bɔs ahorow no betumi agye lithium titanate asotwe a wɔde ma wɔ baabi a wɔde nneɛma kɔ no atom wɔ mfaso horow a ɛwɔ adwumayɛ mu no ho.

Nea ɛne mfiridwuma a ɛreba te sɛ solid-state batteries ne sodium-ion cells bɔ abira no, lithium titanate gyina hɔ ma mfiridwuma a ɛho akokwaw, a wɔada no adi wɔ aguadi mu. Solid-state batteries hyɛ bɔ sɛ ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn ne ahobammɔ nanso ɛda so ara wɔ pre-aguadi nkɔso a ɛwɔ nsɛnnennen a ɛwɔ adwumayɛ mu. Sodium-ion batere ma nneɛma ho ka a ɛba fam nanso ahoɔden a ɛyɛ den te sɛ lithium titanate a ɛwɔ kyinhyia nkwa nna tiaa. Guadiɛ ho nkɔmhyɛ a ɛfa afe 2025-2033 adwuma lithium titanate a ɛbɛkura gua so afã soronko so berɛ a mfiridwuma foforɔ di gua so dwumadie a ɛwɔ nnipa dodoɔ mu ho dwuma.

Lithium Titanate

Wiase nyinaa lithium titanate battery gua no duu $75.61-80.65 ɔpepepem wɔ afe 2024 mu sɛnea gua so nhwehwɛmu nnwumakuw pii kyerɛ no, na nsusuwii ahorow no bɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepepem 237-308 wɔ afe 2033-2034 mu. Eyi gyina hɔ ma afe afe nkɔso a wɔaka abom a ɛyɛ 10-14.4%, a anyinam ahoɔden kar a wɔfa, grid storage ntrɛwmu, ne ahwehwɛde a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛbɔ ka ntɛmntɛm ho titiriw na ɛde ba.

Asia-Pacific na ɛdi nneɛma a wɔyɛ ne nea wɔde di dwuma so, na ɛyɛ bɛyɛ 60% wɔ wiase nyinaa lithium titanate batere a wɔhwehwɛ wɔ afe 2024. China Mfeɛ Anum-Mfeɛ Nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛtɔ so 14 no de n’ani asi 50% a ɛbɛma ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no foforɔ a ɛbɛnya nkɔsoɔ firi afe 2020-2025, akanyan sika a wɔde bɛto grid storage mu baabi a lithium titanate nkwa tenten ma sikasɛm mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ mfeɛ 20-30 adwuma no nkwa nna mu. Japan a ɛyɛ Toshiba SCiB mfiridwuma fie no kura lithium titanate a wɔde di dwuma denneennen wɔ keteke akwantu ne mfiridwuma mu.

North America kura bɛyɛ 36% gua so kyɛfa, a adwinnan a wɔagye din te sɛ Altairnano ne agofomma a wɔreba te sɛ Grinergy retrɛw nneɛma a wɔyɛ mu. U.S. Ahoɔden Dwumadibea no sika dɔla ɔpepem 258 a wɔde asie wɔ batere mfiridwuma a ɛkɔ anim mu no bi ne lithium titanate a wɔyɛ de yɛ adwuma titiriw wɔ baabi a lithium-ion a wɔtaa de di dwuma no da adi sɛ ɛnyɛ nea ɛfata.

Wɔn a wɔyɛ no titiriw ne Toshiba (SCiB ahyɛnsode), Altairnano (Nanosafe), Microvast (LpTO), Leclanché (TiBox), ne Chinafo a wɔyɛ nneɛma a Yinlong Battery Technology a Gree Electric anya ka ho. Ntrɛwmu a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔyɛ ho no twe adwene si ɛka a wɔbɛtew so denam nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ no yiye ne sikasɛm a wɔde di dwuma kɛse so sen sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nsakrae titiriw wɔ nnuruyɛ mu.

Nhwehwɛmu akwankyerɛ ahorow si so dua sɛ wobedi lithium titanate anohyeto atitiriw ho dwuma. Akuw ahorow a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa hwehwɛ niobium, magnesium, anaa nneɛma afoforo a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so mu na ama nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu ne tumi a wɔde fa mu no ayɛ kɛse. Nsakraeɛ a ɛwɔ soro a carbon coating ne nanostructuring ka ho no botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛma rate adwumayɛ atu mpɔn. Overlithiation akwan hwehwɛ sakre so a ɛboro Li1Ti2O12 de kyere tumi foforo, ɛwom sɛ eyi ma zero-strain mfaso no to asiane mu de.

Lithium titanate a wɔyɛ no taa di akwan a wɔfa so yɛ ade a ɛyɛ den-tebea anaa nsu-tebea akyi, a emu biara wɔ mfaso soronko. Atetesɛm kwan a wɔfa so yɛ ɔhyew a ɛkorɔn-tebea a ɛyɛ den-tebea no de lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) ne titanium dioxide (TiO2) fra wɔ stoichiometric nsusuwii mu, afei ɛhyew afrafrade no wɔ digrii 700-850 mu nnɔnhwerew 10-24. Saa kwan yi da adi sɛ ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛyɛ nea wotumi sesa nanso ɛma nneɛma nketenkete a ɛsõ kakra (500nm-5μm) a ne soro fã sua.

Sol-gel akwan no ma wotumi di nneɛma nketenkete no kɛse ne ne nsɛso so yiye. Nhwehwɛmufo de titanium alkoxides te sɛ tetrabutyl titanate ne lithium hydroxide gu organic solvents mu, afei gel ne calcine wɔ 600-800℃. Lithium titanate a efi mu ba no kyerɛ nneɛma nketenkete akɛse a ɛba fam sen 200nm ne mmeae a ɛkorɔn a ɛbɛn 100 m2/g a ɛma wotumi de charge ntɛmntɛm. Nanso, sol-gel akwan horow no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde ahwɛyiye hwɛ nsu a ɛyɛ nwini so na ɛda adi sɛ ne bo yɛ den sen solid-state synthesis.

Nsuo a ɛyɛ hyew a wɔde yɛ nneɛma no ma lithium titanate ba wɔ ɔhyew a ɛba fam koraa (120-200℃) denam nneɛma a edi kan a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ nsu a wɔahyɛ no den mu no so. Saa kwan yi ma wɔyɛ nanotubes ne nanowires a ɛwɔ nsɛso soronko, nanso ɛhwehwɛ nnwinnade titiriw a ɛwɔ nhyɛso kɛse na ɛma nsu a ɛyɛ nwura a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ho adwuma.

Nkyene a wɔanwene kwan no de nneɛma a ɛyɛ adwuma no sɛn nkyene aguare a ɛnyɛ den-mu (mpɛn pii no LiCl-KCl afrafra) mu wɔ 500-700℃. Nsuo a ɛwɔ mu no ma ion a ɛtrɛw ntɛmntɛm no yɛ mmerɛw, na ɛma lithium titanate a ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ kɛse a ɛwɔ anyinam ahoɔden mu nneɛma pa. Bere a ahoɔden-a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye sɛ wɔde toto atetesɛm akwan a wɔfa so yɛ ade a ɛyɛ den ho no, nkyene a wɔanwene akwan no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔfa nkyene a wɔsan nya ne nhyehyɛe a wɔde san de di dwuma bio.

Nneɛma pa a wɔhwɛ so bere a wɔreyɛ nneɛma no da adi sɛ ɛho hia kɛse. X-ray diffraction si phase ahotew so dua, efisɛ anatase anaa rutile TiO2 kakraa bi asɛe adwumayɛ. Particle size distribution nya electrode processing ne battery adwumayɛ so nkɛntɛnso-kɛse dodo na conductivity hu amane, ketewa dodo na particles agglomerate. Ɛsɛ sɛ nsuo a ɛwɔ mu no tra ase nnu 100 ppm na amma electrolyte asɛe bere a wɔreboaboa nkwammoaa ano no ano.

Lithium titanate batere taa nya 10,000 kosi 30,000 full charge-discharge cycles ansa na adu 80% tumi, a ebinom a ɛkorɔn-tumi soronko a wɔahyɛ sɛ 45,000 cycles. Lithium-ion batere a wɔde di dwuma daa a wɔde graphite anodes di dwuma no di kyinhyia 2,000-3,000 wɔ tebea horow a ɛte saa ara mu. Saa 5-15x nkwa tenten mfaso yi kyerɛ ase sɛ mfe 20-30 adwumayɛ nkwa nna wɔ dwumadie a da biara da sakre, sɛ wɔde toto mfeɛ 5-8 ma amanne kwan so lithium-ion.

Ahoɔden a ɛdɔɔso a enye no ma lithium titanate nyɛ nea mfaso wɔ so mma ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a wɔde di dwuma a wotumi fa so. Smartphone battery a wɔde lithium titanate di dwuma no bɛyɛ kɛse na emu yɛ duru mpɛn 2-3 asen mprempren nhyehyɛe ahorow de ama bere a ɛyɛ pɛ. Adetɔfo de mfiri no kɛse ne ne mu duru di kan sen mfaso horow a lithium titanate de ma sɛ ɛbɔ ntɛmntɛm na ɛtra hɔ kyɛ. Ɛka a ɛkɔ soro no mma wɔmfa wɔn ho nhyɛ mu wɔ adetɔfo gua ahorow a ɛhwɛ nneɛma bo so no abam bio.

Yiw, lithium titanate batere betumi abɔ ntɛmntɛm kɛse sen mprempren Tesla Superchargers bere a wɔayɛ no yiye no. Toshiba nkwammoaa a aba foforo no charge kɔ 80% wɔ simma 1-6 mu a egyina tumi dodow so, bere a Tesla Superchargers hia simma 15-20 ma charge dodow a ɛte saa ara. Nanso, eyi hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn charge nhyehyɛe titiriw (400+ kW) a enni hɔ kɛse, na ahoɔden density asotwe kyerɛ sɛ lithium titanate kar ahorow no benya kwan tiaa ama battery mu duru a ɛne no sɛ.

Nneɛma abiɛsa na ɛma lithium titanate ahobammɔ tu mpɔn: Nea edi kan no, 1.55V adwumayɛ tumi no siw lithium dendrite a ɛba a ɛde emu tiawa ba wɔ graphite anodes mu no ano. Nea ɛto so abien no, ade no nnyɛ electrolyte interface a ɛyɛ den a ebetumi aporɔw wɔ exothermically. Nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa, ɔhyew a ɛguan a ɛyɛ digrii 270 no boro ayayade tebea mu ɔhyew dodow no ara so, na zero-nhyɛso nhyehyɛe no ko tia mfiri a ɛsɛe ade a efi nsunsuanso mu ba. Saa su ahorow yi ma lithium titanate nkwammoaa tumi twa nnadewa a ɛkɔ mu ne nea ɛbɔ ho sɔhwɛ ahorow mu a ogya anaa ɔtopae biara nni mu.

Lithium Titanate

Lithium titanate di beae a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu nanso ɛrenya nkɔso wɔ ahoɔden a wɔkora so mu. Mfiridwuma no rensi lithium-ion a wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ smartphone anaa kar a ɛkɔ akyirikyiri-a ɛwɔ baabi a ahoɔden dodow na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔde bedi dwuma no ananmu. Mmom no, ɛfa dwumadie ahorow a kyinhyia nkwa nna, ahobanbɔ, charge a wɔbɔ ntɛmntɛm, anaa ɔhyew a wɔtumi gyina ano ma ɛfata sɛ wogye ahoɔden a ɛba fam ne ɛka a ɛkɔ soro tom no ho dwuma.

Nkɔso kwan a ɛda adi pefee sen biara no da adi wɔ ɔmanfo kar mu, baabi a hokwan a wɔde gye batere ma wotumi de batere nketewa a ɛmma asotwe a wɔde ma wɔ emu duru so no fã bi, ne baabi a batere a wɔde besi ananmu ho ka bɛboro mfe 12-15 kar nkwa nna no fa nnuru a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ ho. Grid storage gyina hɔ ma abɔde mu fit foforo, titiriw ma frequency regulation services a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ mpempem pii da biara da shallow cycles wɔ mfe du du pii mu.

Nnansa yi nkɔsoɔ a aba wɔ akwan a wɔde afrafra mu no kyerɛ bɔhyɛ-sɛ wɔde lithium titanate anodes ne cathodes a ɛkɔ anim a ɛwɔ tumi a ɛkorɔn-ka bom, anaasɛ wɔde lithium titanate bedi dwuma wɔ kar a wɔatrɛw mu wɔ akyirikyiri-a batere ketewa bi taa di akɔneaba mu. Bere a nneɛma a wɔyɛ no nsenia ne ɛka so tew no, ebia nnuruyɛ no bɛtrɛw akɔ gua titiriw afoforo so. Mprempren de, lithium titanate kyerɛ sɛ batere mu nnuru a eye sen biara gyina dwumadie ahwehwɛdeɛ so koraa sen sɛ wɔbɛdi mfiridwuma baako a "ɛyɛ papa" akyi ama dwumadie nyinaa.