Dɛn ne Dendrite a Wɔahyehyɛ?

Dendrite a wɔhyehyɛ no kyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea nnua-te sɛ ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛba bere a electrochemical nhyehyɛe ahorow reyɛ wɔ batere ne nhyehyɛe afoforo mu no nyin. Saa dadeɛ a ɛte sɛ nnade-a ɛyɛ nkorabata yi ba berɛ a ions boaboa ano wɔ electrode ani wɔ ɔkwan a ɛntene so wɔ charge ne discharge cycles mu.

Adeyɛ no ba wɔ battery chemistries ahorow mu nanso ɛde nsɛnnennen a emu yɛ den titiriw ba wɔlithium batere a wɔde yɛ adwuma, baabi a dendrites tumi tow fa nneɛma a ɛpaapae nneɛma mu na ɛkanyan emu nsɛm tiawa. Nea enti a saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi nyin ne sɛnea ɛkɔ so no ntease abɛyɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse bere a ahoɔden a wɔkora so nhyehyɛe ahorow piapia kɔ tumi a ɛkorɔn ne ahoɔden a wɔde gye ntɛmntɛm so no.

Dendrites nam electrodeposition nhyehyɛe bi a thermodynamic ne kinetic factors nyinaa di so na ɛba. Sɛ batere bi charge a, dade ions fa electrolyte no mu kɔ anode no so. Wɔ tebea horow a eye mu no, na saa ions yi bɛkɔto electrode no ani pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nanso, nneɛma pii sɛe saa nsu a ɛtɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ yi.

Nneɛma a ɛnkɔ so wɔ asase ani no ma anyinam ahoɔden a ɛwɔ mpɔtam hɔ no yɛ kɛse. Saa mfuw a wɔahyɛ no den yi twetwe ion pii kɔ mmeae pɔtee bi sen sɛ ɛbɛtrɛw mu pɛpɛɛpɛ. Sɛ ɛba sɛ biribi a ɛpuepue kakra a, ɛbɛyɛ ne ho-a ɛma ɛyɛ kɛse-adan a ɛrenyin no ano nya anyinam ahoɔden a emu yɛ den sen mmeae a ɛyɛ tratraa, na ɛma onyin kɔ so ntɛmntɛm wɔ saa kwan no so.

Adeyɛ no mu yɛ den wɔ mprempren densities a ɛkorɔn mu. Nhwehwɛmu a efi Maryland Sukuupɔn mu a wɔde aniwa nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw dii dwuma no kyerɛe sɛ wɔ mprempren densities a ɛboro 87 mA/cm2 mu no, dendrite nsɛso dan fii nsɔe a ɛyɛ tratraa so kɔɔ nneɛma a ɛte sɛ nnade- a ɛyɛ nnam so. Bere a wɔde yɛ emu tiawa no so tew sɛnea mprempren ahoɔden no kɔ soro no, na ɛkɔɔ fam fii nnɔnhwerew pii wɔ 10 mA/cm2 koduu bɛyɛ simma 30 wɔ 110 mA/cm2.

Ɔhyew di dwuma abien wɔ dendrite a ɛba no mu. Ɔhyew a ɛba fam no ma ion no trɛw brɛoo, na ɛma nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu no kɔ soro wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn electrode no ani. Eyi ma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ ions bɛto mmeae a apue dedaw sen sɛ wobehu mmeae foforo a nucleation wɔ. Nea ɛne no bɔ abira no, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer a wɔayɛ wɔ ɔhyew a ɛba fam mu no taa yɛ den kɛse na entumi nnyina, na ɛboa ma nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam no yɛ nea ɛnteɛ.

Dendrite Formation

Lithium batere hyia dendrite nsɛnnennen soronko esiane lithium a ɛyɛ adwuma kɛse ne electrochemical tumi a ɛba fam nti. Sɛ lithium ions plate wɔ anode no so bere a wɔrebɔ charge a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɛyɛ papa sɛ wɔde hyɛ graphite nhyehyɛe no mu. Mmom no, ions a ɛboro so a wontumi ntwe ntɛmntɛm sɛnea ɛsɛ no boaboa ano wɔ soro sɛ dade lithium.

SEI layer no nya saa adeyɛ yi so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Saa sini a ɛbɔ ho ban yi ba wɔ awosu mu bere a electrolyte no ne lithium anode no yɛ adwuma no. SEI a ɛyɛ pɛ na ɛyɛ den no kyerɛ lithium a ɛwɔ hɔ mpo kwan. Nanso, SEI no kɔ so paapae na ɛyɛ nsakrae wɔ charge-discharge cycles mu esiane volume nsakrae a ɛba electrode no mu nti. Beae biara a ɛpaapae no bɛyɛ beae a ebetumi ayɛ dendrite nucleation.

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔtintim wɔ Nature Materials mu wɔ afe 2024 mu no kyerɛɛ akwan soronko mmienu a wɔfa so yɛ dendrite wɔ solid-state lithium battery a wɔde Li₇La3Zr2O22 (LLZO) electrolytes di dwuma mu. Adwinnade a edi kan no fa lithium a ɛnyɛ{3}}a ɛyɛ pɛ a wɔde hyɛ electrode-electrolyte ntam. Nea ɛto so abien no nam mpɔtam hɔ Li+ a ɛso tew wɔ aburow ahye so wɔ electrolyte a ɛyɛ den no ankasa mu so na ɛba. Wɔ saa afã abien yi ntam no, nhwehwɛmufo huu bere bi a ɛda ntam a dendrite nyin gyinaa ansa na ɛresan afi ase bio.

Ɔkwan a wɔfa so fi ase no yɛ soronko wɔ sɛnea wɔtrɛw mu no ho. Nhwehwɛmu a efi Oxford Sukuupɔn mu daa no adi sɛ dendrite mfiase wɔ solid-state battery mu fi ase bere a lithium kɔhyɛ asase ase ntini mu denam microcracks a ɛka bom so no. Bere a saa ntini ahorow yi hyɛ ma no, sɛ wɔkɔ so de charge no ma nhyɛso ba esiane lithium a ɛsan kɔ soro brɛoo nti. Saa nhyɛso yi ma awiei koraa no mpaapaemu. Sɛ mpaapaemu ba wie a, ɛtrɛw fa wedge opening-a lithium na ɛka mpaapaemu no fi akyi sen sɛ ebefi ano.

Mprempren density thresholds gu ahorow sɛnea electrolyte su te. Standard nsu electrolytes taa kyerɛ dendrite formation a ɛboro 0.2-2.0 mA/cm2, bere a solid electrolytes tumi gyina current densities a ɛkorɔn ano ansa na adi nkogu. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ Oxford Sukuupɔn mu no hui sɛ argyrodite (Li₆PS5⁄Cl) solid electrolyte a wɔma ɛyɛ den fi 83% kosi 99% relative density no maa current density a ɛho hia no kɔɔ soro fi 2 mA/cm2 ase koduu 9 mA/cm2 a dendrite anhyehyɛ.

Dendrites nam akwan horow pii a wɔfa so di huammɔ so ma batere yɛ batere. Nea ɛyɛ hu sen biara no ba bere a dendrite bi nyin fa nea ɛpaapae no mu koraa, na ɛma ɔkwan a ɛma nsu fa anode ne cathode ntam no. Saa emu kwan tiawa yi ma ɔhyew a ɛwɔ baabiara ba, a ebetumi akanyan ɔhyew guankɔ-a ɛyɛ ne ho-ayɛyɛde a ɛyɛ ntɛmntɛm a ebetumi ama ogya anaa nneɛma a ɛpae aba.

Ansa na dendrites bedu huammɔdi a ɛyɛ hu ho no, ɛsɛe adwumayɛ nkakrankakra. Dendrite biara ma lithium a ɛyɛ foforo a ɛyɛ adwuma no ani da electrolyte no so. Eyi ma SEI kɔ so hyehyɛ, na edi lithium a ɛyɛ adwuma ne electrolyte nyinaa. Wɔ kyinhyia ahorow a ɛtoatoa so mu no, saa mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae yi brɛ tumi a ɛwɔ hɔ no ase na ɛma emu ahoɔden a ɛko tia no yɛ kɛse.

Dendrites nso yɛ "lithium a awu"-dade a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden atew ne ho a ɛnyɛ nea ɛde ne ho hyɛ anyinam ahoɔden mu nneyɛe mu bio. Sɛ dendrites mu paapae esiane mfiri mu nhyɛso anaa electrolyte a ɛyɛ mmerɛw nti a, egyaw saa asinasin a ɛnyɛ adwuma yi. Lithium a awu gyina hɔ ma tumi a ɛyera daa, efisɛ wontumi mfa sakre a wɔde tu kwan daa so nnya bio.

Nsakrae a ɛba nne kɛse mu a ɛbata lithium a wɔde kata so ne nea wɔde yiyi ho no ma ɔhaw ahorow yi mu yɛ den. Lithium dadeɛ no fa 100% volume nsakraeɛ titire mu wɔ ne metallic ne ionic tebea ntam. Saa ntrɛwmu ne ntrɛwmu yi si SEI ɔfa no so dua na ebetumi asɛe ade a ɛpaapae no honam fam, na ama akwan foforo a wɔfa so kɔ dendrite mu no aba.

Tumi a ɛyera wɔ lithium dade nkwammoaa a wɔmmɔ ho ban mu no betumi adu 1-2% wɔ kyinhyia biara mu bere a dendrites hyehyɛ denneennen no. Eyi ne lithium-ion nkwammoaa a wɔayɛ no yiye-a wɔde graphite anodes di dwuma, a mpɛn pii no ɛhwere tumi 0.1% pɛ wɔ kyinhyia biara mu anaa nea ennu saa no bɔ abira kɛse.

Mprempren density da adi sɛ ade titiriw a ɛhwɛ dendrite a ɛba ntɛmntɛm so. Nsu a ɛma ahoɔden a ɛkɔ soro no hyɛ ion pii ma wɔkora so wɔ bere tiaa bi mu, na ɛhyɛ tumi a electrode no wɔ sɛ ɛbɛfa mu pɛpɛɛpɛ no so. Abusuabɔ no nyɛ linear-ɛte sɛ nea ɛwɔ ahwehwɛde a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ ase a dendrite nyin da so ara yɛ ketewaa bi, nanso ɛboro so no ɛyɛ ntɛmntɛm kɛse.

Electrolyte a ɛwɔ mu no nya dendrite a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Nkyene dodow nya ion akwantu dodow ne anyinam ahoɔden a ɛbɛn electrode no a ɛyɛ pɛ no so nkɛntɛnso. Nkyene a ɛba fam no ma mmeae a ion a wɔde ma no ntumi nni deposition ahwehwɛde ho dwuma, na ɛma dendritic nyin. Nneɛma a ɛkɔ soro betumi ama biakoyɛ atu mpɔn nanso ebetumi atew ionic conductivity so anaasɛ ɛbɛma viscosity akɔ soro.

Nneɛma a wɔde ka electrolyte ho no ma wonya ɔkwan biako a wɔfa so siw ano. Sɛ nhwɛso no, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) pɛ sɛ ɛtew so wɔ lithium no ani ma ɛyɛ LiF-a ɛdɔɔso SEI ntoatoaso. Saa layers yi da mfiridwuma ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn ne ɛlɛtrɔnik conductivity a ɛba fam adi sɛ wɔde toto SEI afã horow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ho a, ɛboa ma wɔkura deposition nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ pɛ mu.

Mfomso a ɛwɔ soro ne sɛnea ɛyɛ mmerɛw na efi dendrite pii ase. Nanoscale a ɛnkɔ so pɛpɛɛpɛ mpo ma anyinam ahoɔden a ɛwɔ mu no yɛ kɛse araa ma ɛkanyan deposition a wɔpɛ. Nneɛma a wɔyɛ a ɛma electrode no ani yɛ torotoro no tew dendrite nucleation mmeae so sɛnea ɛne no hyia. Saa ara nso na efĩ anaa nneɛma nketenkete a wɔde ahyɛ electrode no ani no betumi ayɛ nucleation points a ɛsono emu biara.

Ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro wɔ nkwammoaa bi mu no ma nneyɛe a ɛsakra wɔ ahunmu ba. Mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew nya ion akwantu ne nea ɛtɔ ntɛmntɛm, na ebetumi ama mpɔtam hɔ dendrite-taa yɛ mpɔtam bere mpo a mprempren density nyinaa da so ara yɛ nea ɛkɔ fam no. Batere nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛhwɛ hu sɛ ɔhyew no kyekyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ no boa ma saa nkɛntɛnso yi brɛ ase.

Tebea a battery bi agye n’ahome no nso nya dendrite nyin so nkɛntɛnso. Sɛ wɔkura nkwammoaa mu wɔ ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn mu bere tenten a, ɛma dendrite ba, titiriw wɔ lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) nkwammoaa mu. Eyi kyerɛkyerɛ nea enti a float charging akwan horow no akɔ so akɔ voltage setpoints a ɛba fam so bere a wɔde toto nneyɛe a efi mfe du a atwam no ho no mu.

Amanne kwan so dendrite a wohu no gyina-owu akyi nhwehwɛmu-nkwaboaa a adi nkogu a wobue ne electrode ani a wɔde scanning electron microscopy hwehwɛ mu so. Bere a ɛma nsɛm pii no, saa kwan yi ntumi nsiw huammɔdi ano anaasɛ entumi nni dendrite adannandi akyi wɔ bere ankasa mu.

Mprempren akwan a ɛkɔ akyiri a wɔfa so kyerɛkyerɛ su ahorow mu no ma wotumi hwɛ operando. Nhwehwɛmufo a wɔwɔ ahyehyɛde ahorow pii mu ayɛ akwan horow a wɔde electrolytes a ɛyɛ mmerɛw anaa nkwammoaa a wɔayɛ no soronko di dwuma. Maryland Sukuupɔn yɛɛ nkwammoaa a wɔde aniwa hu a electrode abien no nyinaa yɛ lithium dade, na ɛma wotumi hu dendrite nyin tẽẽ fa mfɛnsere a ɛda adi pefee no mu bere a wɔrebɔ charge no.

X-ray computed tomography (XCT) ma wonya mfonini abiɛsa-dendrite nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa a enni dɛm mu. Synchrotron X-ray adwumayɛbea ahorow no ma nsusuwii a ɛdɔɔso a ɛbɛma wɔadi dendrite a ɛba wɔ microscale no akyi bere a batere no reyɛ adwuma ankasa. Nnansa yi adwuma a wotintimii wɔ Nature mu no de operando XCT dii dwuma de hwɛɛ sɛnea lithium hyɛn dɔte electrolytes mu, na ɛdaa mpaapaemu a ɛba ne sɛnea lithium trɛw nnidiso nnidiso adi.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) de ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ nanso ɛnyɛ -sɛe ade a wɔfa so hu ade ma. Bere a dendrites nyin no, ɛsakra electrode no ani a etu mpɔn ne sɛnea ɛko tia no. Saa nsakrae yi da adi sɛ nsakrae a ɛba impedance spectrum no mu. Nhwehwɛmufo ayɛ nsakrae wɔ scanning droplet cell akwan horow no mu de ayɛ asase ani roughness adannandi ho mfonini denam EIS susuw so, na ɛde kɔkɔbɔ ma ntɛm wɔ dendrite a ɛba ho a wonbue nkwammoaa no.

Nuklea magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy ne mfoninitwa ma wonya nnuru pɔtee bi. Tracer-exchange NMR betumi akyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda lithium plating wɔ interfaces ne electrolyte dodow a ɛso tew ntam. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) di dendrite kyekyɛ wɔ baabi a ɛwɔ ne sɛnea enyin no akyi, na ɛboa nhwehwɛmufo ma wɔte sɛnea nkwammoaa bi mmeae ahorow nya dendrites wɔ mmere ahorow mu no ase.

Fiber optic sensor ahorow gyina hɔ ma ɔkwan bi a ɛreba. Tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) sensor ahorow a wɔde ahyɛ mu wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn electrode ani no hu nsakrae a ɛba wɔ akwantu mu kɛse ne dendrite nyin wɔ nanoscale interfaces a ɛnhaw battery adwumayɛ. Ultrasensitive optical resonances no ma wotumi hwɛ bere ankasa a ɛfa lithium deposition kinetics ne dendrite evolution ho.

Dendrite Formation

Akwan pii de wɔn ani si dendrite a wɔbara so, na mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ adwuma bom bere a wɔaka abom no. Ɔkwan biako biara nni hɔ a ennya nyii dendrites mfi hɔ koraa wɔ adwumayɛ tebea horow nyinaa mu, nanso akwan horow pii ma mprempren density threshold a ɛho hia no kɔ soro kɛse.

Mfiase no na ɛte sɛ nea electrolytes a ɛyɛ den no hyɛ bɔ sɛ honam fam akwanside ahorow a ɛko tia dendrites. Nanso nhwehwɛmu daa no adi sɛ dendrites nso hyɛn nneɛma a ɛyɛ den mu, na enyin fa aburow ahye anaa mpaapaemu mu. Mfaso a ɛwɔ electrolytes a ɛyɛ den so no nni sɛ wosiw ano koraa na mmom ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde mfiri mu nhyɛso a ɛkɔ soro ansa na dendrite akɔ mu. Sɛ wɔyɛ electrolyte a ɛyɛ den no density ne grain structure yiye a, ebetumi ama nea ɛko tia sɛ ɛbɛhyɛn mu no ayɛ kɛse.

Electrode a ɛwɔ afã abiɛsa{0}}sesa mpɔtam hɔ mprempren density nkyekyɛmu. Sɛ́ anka lithium bɛto asase a ɛyɛ tratraa so no, ɛhyɛ 3D host material a ɛyɛ porous structure no ma. Eyi ma asase ani a etu mpɔn no kɔ soro fi bɛyɛ 5.2 × 10−3 m2/g ma lithium foil kosi bɛboro 2.6 m2/g ma nnua a wɔde carbonized ayɛ no. Beae a ɛkɔ soro no brɛ mpɔtam hɔ mprempren density ase sɛnea ɛfata, na ɛma ɛba fam sen dendrite nucleation a ɛwɔ hɔ no. Sɛ wɔde lithiophilic nneɛma te sɛ tin ka saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi ho a, ɛma nucleation mmeae a wɔpɛ a ɛma ɛyɛ pɛ, a ɛnyɛ-dendritic deposition.

Artificial SEI layers a wɔde di dwuma ansa na wɔadi kan akɔ sakre so no betumi adi kan -empt sɛ wɔbɛhyehyɛ abɔde mu SEI a ɛnyɛ-a ɛyɛ pɛ. Nneɛma ahorow ada bɔhyɛ adi, a nea ɛka ho ne LiF-aduru a wɔde kata so, polymer layers, ne composite organic-inorganic films. SEI a wɔde nsa ayɛ a eye sen biara no ka ionic conductivity a ɛkorɔn, electronic conductivity a ɛba fam, ne mfiri ahoɔden a ɛdɔɔso a ɛbɛma dendrite a ɛkɔ mu no ano bere a ɛbɔ bere a volume nsakrae no bom.

Electrolyte engineering di dendrite a ɛba fi ano aduru fã no ho dwuma. Electrolytes a ɛwɔ ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn (ɛtɔ da bi a wɔfrɛ no "solvent-wɔ-nkyene" nhyehyɛe mu) tew solvent molecules a ɛwɔ ahofadi a ɛwɔ hɔ no so, na ɛsakra solvation nhyehyɛe a ɛtwa lithium ions ho hyia. Saa nsakrae yi betumi ama nneɛma a wɔde gu fam a ɛyɛ pɛ kɛse. Ionic nsu electrolytes ma non-ohyew ka interfacial su ahorow a ebetumi asiw dendrites ano, ɛwom sɛ wɔn viscosity a ɛtaa yɛ kɛse no de nsɛnnennen ba de.

Nnansa yi ara, pulsed charging protocols puei sɛ adeyɛ a etu mpɔn a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Sɛ́ anka wɔde current a ɛkɔ so daa bedi dwuma no, pulsed protocols sesa wɔ charge bere ne home bere ntam. Bere a wɔregye wɔn ahome no, nneɛma a ɛkɔ soro no dwo na dendrite ano no betumi asan apete fã bi mpo asan ayɛ aduru. Nhwehwɛmu daa no adi sɛ MHz-frequency pulsed currents maa current density a ɛho hia no kɔɔ soro mpɛn asia-fi bɛyɛ 1 mA/cm2 kosi 6.5 mA/cm2-wɔ solid-state battery mu.

Nhyɛso a wɔde di dwuma no de mfiridwuma kwan foforo ma. Sɛ wode compressive force di dwuma a ɛne electrode plane no hyia a, ɛmma dendrite nyin kwan. MIT nhwehwɛmufo kyerɛe sɛ wobetumi ayɛ dendrite nyin ho adwuma denam nhyɛso a wɔde bɛhyɛ mu na wɔayi afi hɔ no so, na ama dendrite ahorow no ayɛ zigzag ma ɛne tumi no kwankyerɛ no ahyia. Bere a nhyɛso mma dendrite a ɛba no mfi hɔ no, ɛmma wontumi ntwa electrode ahorow ntam.

Nsakrae a ɛkɔ solid-state batteries no fã bi fi anidaso a na wɔwɔ sɛ wobedi dendrite haw no ho dwuma. Ná akwanhwɛ a edi kan no susuwii sɛ dɔte electrolytes a ɛyɛ den no besiw dendrite a ɛbɛkɔ mu no kwan honam fam. Nokwasɛm daa adi sɛ ɛyɛ den kɛse.

Electrolytes a ɛyɛ den di nkogu denam mfiri a ɛpaapae so sen sɛ ɛbɛma dendrites apia akɔ mu ara kwa. Adeyɛ no fi ase wɔ sintɔ-pores, aburow hye, anaasɛ ɔfasu a ɛnkɔ so pɛpɛɛpɛ. Lithium kɔhyɛ saa sintɔ ahorow yi mu, na bere a lithium pii boaboa ano no, mfiri mu nhyɛso kɔ soro kosi sɛ dɔte no mu paapae. Sɛ mpaapaemu bi fi ase pɛ a, lithium nam mu trɛw denam wedge-opening mechanism a Oxford nhwehwɛmufo ahu no so.

Nneɛma ahorow a ɛyɛ den a wɔde electrolyte ayɛ no da ahoɔden a ɛsonosonoe adi wɔ dendrite-a ɛde mpaapaemu ba no ho. Garnet-type electrolytes te sɛ LLZO kyerɛ bɔhyɛ esiane wɔn ionic conductivity a ɛkorɔn nti, nanso wɔn electronic conductivity boa ma dendrite hyehyɛ. Ɛlektrɔnik ahoɔden a ɛma ɛlɛtrɔnik no tumi du dendrite ano, na ɛma lithium kɔ so gu mu. Sɛ wɔtew saa ɛlɛtrɔnik nhama yi so, bere mpo a wɔkura ionic ahoɔden a ɛkɔ soro mu no, ɛboa ma wosiw dendrites ano.

Sulfide-based solid electrolytes te sɛ Li1PS5Cl (argyrodite) da suban soronko adi. Wɔde mfiri yɛ mmerɛw sen oxide ceramics, na ebetumi ama dendrites anyin denam plastic deformation so sen sɛ ɛbɛpaapae. Nanso, densification ma adwumayɛ tu mpɔn kɛse-argyrodite density a ɛkɔ soro kodu 99% no ma dendrite-ayɛ adwuma a wontua hwee wɔ mprempren densities a ɛfata ma anyinam ahoɔden kar a ɛbɔ ntɛmntɛm-charging.

Interface engineering a ɛda lithium metal anodes ne solid electrolytes ntam no di huammɔdi kwan foforo ho dwuma. Nkitahodi a enye de mprempren anohyeto ahorow ba baabi a mpɔtam hɔ mprempren dodow boro wiase nyinaa nkyekyem so kɛse. Saa constriction points yi bɛyɛ mmeae a dendrite fi ase. Sɛ wode interlayers-thin films of polymer, metal alloys, anaa composite materials-di dwuma a, ebetumi ama contact atu mpɔn na akyekyɛ current pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Ɛsɛ sɛ current density (CCD) a ɛho hia ma dendrite a ɛba wɔ solid-state battery mu no boro 5 mA/cm2 ma anyinam ahoɔden kar dwumadie a ɛyɛ adwuma. Electrolyte a ɛyɛ den dodow no ara ntumi nwie saa botae yi wɔ tebea horow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ mu, enti wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu a emu yɛ den wɔ akwan horow a wɔaka abom a wɔde densification, pressure, pulsed charging, ne interface modification di dwuma ho.

Bere a lithium batere na ɛhyɛ dendrite nhwehwɛmu so no, nhyehyɛe afoforo hyia nsɛnnennen a ɛte saa ara. Zinc dade batere ahorow nya zinc dendrite a ɛba, ɛwom sɛ ɛsono ne su de. Zinc dendrites taa da adi sɛ nsɔe-te sɛ anaa whisker nhyehyɛe sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ nnade a ano yɛ nnam, a ɛda zinc electrochemical su ahorow adi.

Wɔ nsu mu zinc batere mu no, dendrite a ɛba no gyina electrolyte pH ne zinc dodow so kɛse. Zincate dodow a ɛkɔ soro boro 0.4 M wɔ 7 M KOH electrolytes mu no brɛ dendrite nyin ase, nanso electrolytes a ɛkyinkyini no taa ma hydrogen nkɔso yɛ kɛse. Electrolyte interphase a ɛyɛ den a ɛwɔ zinc so no yɛ nneɛma soronko sen lithium-titiriw zinc oxide ne zinc hydroxide-a ɛwɔ mfiridwuma ne ionic akwantuo su soronko.

Sodium dade anode ahorow kyerɛ dendrite suban a ɛte sɛ lithium, ɛwom sɛ mpɛn pii no dendrite nyin brɛoo esiane sodium a ɛnyɛ adwuma nti. Nnansa yi wɔada no adi sɛ magnesium dade a bere bi na wosusuw sɛ ɛko tia dendrite a ɛba no yɛ dendrite wɔ tebea horow bi mu, titiriw wɔ mprempren densities a ɛboro 0.2-0.3 mA/cm2 a egyina electrolyte no so.

Silicon anode a ɛwɔ lithium-ion batere a wɔtaa de di dwuma mu mpo betumi anya lithium dendrite a ɛba. Bere a wɔrebɔ charge no, silicon trɛw bɛyɛ 300%, na ɛpaapae SEI layer no mu. Ɛdenam mpaapaemu yi so no, wobetumi atew lithium ions so ma ayɛ dade lithium dendrites sen sɛ wɔde bɛfra silicon mu sɛnea wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no. Saa adwinnade yi gyina hɔ ma hybrid huammɔdi kwan a ɛka volume ntrɛwmu ne electrochemical deposition bom.

Nneɛma a ɛyɛ pɛ wɔ nhyehyɛe ahorow yi mu no kyerɛ sɛ amansan nnyinasosɛm ahorow na ɛkyerɛ dendrite a wɔhyehyɛ. Mprempren density, surface heterogeneity, ne interfacial layers su ahorow pue sɛ nneɛma a ɛhyɛ so a dade nnuru pɔtee no mfa ho. Akwan a wɔfa so siw ano a wɔayɛ ama nhyehyɛe biako no taa de kɔ afoforo so, a wɔyɛ nsakrae wom.

Nkɔso pii a aba nnansa yi no asakra ntease a wɔwɔ wɔ dendrite a wɔhyehyɛ ho. Nneɛma a wɔde fi ase ne nea ɛtrɛw a ɛsono emu biara a wɔkyerɛ wɔ solid-state battery mu no gyinaa hɔ maa paradigm nsakrae. Nhwɛsoɔ a atwam no faa no sɛ ɛyɛ adeyɛ baako a ɛkɔ so, nanso sɛ wɔgye yeinom tom sɛ ɛyɛ mmerɛ soronko a, ɛma wotumi de wɔn ho hyɛ mu a wɔde wɔn ani asi so wɔ ɔfa biara mu.

Dwuma a amorphous ne crystalline dendrite nhyehyɛe di no anya adwene. Nnansa yi NMR nhwehwɛmu daa no adi sɛ mfiase no dendrites yɛ nneɛma a ɛnyɛ nsɛ a akyiri yi ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ. Nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ sintɔ a ɛwɔ electrolytes a ɛyɛ den mu ne batere adwumayɛ tebea horow na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea mfiri abien yi kari pɛ. Saa ade a wɔahu yi bue kwan ma wɔyɛ tebea horow a ɛma nneɛma a ɛnyɛ nsɛ a wotumi dannan no ho nhyehyɛe sen dendrites a ɛte sɛ ahwehwɛ a ɛtra hɔ daa.

Mprempren mfiri a wɔde sua ade ho nhwɛso ahorow kyerɛ sɛnea dendrite nyin no yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ a ɛkɔ soro. Ɛdenam honam fam nsusuwii ahorow pii-mprempren density, ɔhyew, electrolyte dodow, surface morphology-a wɔde ka convolutional neural networks ho so no, nhwehwɛmufo nya nkɔmhyɛ a eye sen atetesɛm physics-gyina models nkutoo. Saa nnwinnade yi ma wohu mfɛnsere a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye ne nneɛma a wɔaka abom ntɛmntɛm.

Protein molecules puei sɛ ade a na wɔnhwɛ kwan nanso etu mpɔn a wɔde siw dendrite ano. Protein ahorow bi, sɛ wɔde ka electrolytes ho a, ɛno ara twetwe kɔ lithium dade so, titiriw wɔ dendrite ano. Ɛnam conformational nsakraeɛ a ɛfiri -helix kɔ -sheet structures so no, saa proteins yi sesa mpɔtam hɔ anyinam ahoɔden nkyekyɛmu, na ɛma deposition yɛ pɛ. Saa bio-inspired kwan yi nyaa cycle nkwa tenten ne coulombic efficiency a ɛkorɔn wɔ laboratory sɔhwɛ ahorow mu.

Thermodynamic framework a wɔde te dendrite formation ase no anyin. Mprempren nhwehwɛmufo hu sɛ ɔhyew ne ɔhyew ahoɔden akwanside ahorow nyinaa di dwuma titiriw wɔ sɛnea wobehu sɛ ebia lithium kɔ hɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ anaasɛ ɛyɛ dendrites no mu. Saa ntease yi kyerɛ akwan a wɔfa so sesa saa nsusuwii ahorow yi denam nneɛma nhyehyɛe ne adwumayɛ tebea horow so.

Dendrite Formation

Ɛmfa ho nkɔso a aba no, batere a ɛko tia dendrite-a a wɔde bɛtɔn no da so ara yɛ asɛnnennen. Nsonsonoe a ɛda aduruyɛdan mu ɔyɛkyerɛ ne nneɛma a wɔyɛ no pii ntam no fa akwan a wɔfa so yɛ nneɛma a wɔde yɛ kɛse bere a wɔhwɛ sɛnea nneɛma te no so no ho. Mfomso biako pɛ a ɛwɔ electrolyte a ɛyɛ den anaa electrode ani betumi ama dendrites ayɛ nucleate, na ama nneɛma a wɔyɛ no pɛpɛɛpɛ no ho hia kɛse.

Ka a wosusuw ho no nya akwan horow a wɔfa so du nneɛma a wɔyɛ ho. Dendrite suppression akwan a etu mpɔn sen biara-te sɛ precision-engineered 3D electrode structures anaasɛ high{4}}purity solid electrolytes-ma ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ nneɛma a wɔyɛ ho no kɔ soro kɛse. Adwumayɛ mu nkɔso a wɔbɛkari pɛ ne sikasɛm mu nkɔso hwehwɛ sɛ wɔkɔ so yɛ nea eye sen biara.

Sakraman a wɔde tu mmirika bere tenten-gyinabea no hia nkɔso foforo. Akwan pii a wɔfa so siw ano no siw dendrites ano yiye wɔ kyinhyia ɔhaha pii mu, nanso ɛsɛ sɛ kar a anyinam ahoɔden wom batere gyina kyinhyia mpempem pii ano wɔ mfe du a wɔde adi dwuma mu. Dendrite nyin nketenkete a ɛte sɛ nea wontumi mmu ani ngu so wɔ kyinhyia 500 mu no betumi abɛyɛ ɔhaw wɔ kyinhyia 3,000 mu. Sɛ yɛbɛte ase na yɛasiw akwan a wɔfa so sɛe bere tenten -no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ sɔhwɛ nhyehyɛe a wɔatrɛw mu.

Fast charge da so ara yɛ den titiriw. Kar dwumadie ahodoɔ no de wɔn ani si simma 15 anaa simma 5 mpo charging mmerɛ so kɛseɛ, a ɛhia sɛ mprempren densities a ɛyɛ 10-20 mA/cm2 anaa nea ɛboro saa. Mprempren dendrite ano aduru kakraa bi na ɛma ɛyɛ adwuma yiye wɔ saa dodow a ɛtra so yi mu. Sɛ wobenya charge ntɛmntɛm ne nkwa tenten a wɔde di dwuma bere koro mu a, egyina hɔ ma ɔhye so nhwehwɛmu botae.

Sɛ wɔde batere a wɔhwehwɛ afoforo bom a, ɛma adwini yɛ den. Akwan a wɔfa so siw dendrites ano no betumi atew ahoɔden a ɛyɛ den so, ama impedance akɔ soro, anaasɛ ɛbɛma ɔhyew a ɛba fam-yɛ adwuma asɛe. Ɛsɛ sɛ batere nhyehyɛe yɛ papa wɔ botae ahorow pii a ɛtaa{3}}bɔ abira so, na ɛma dendrite a wosiw ano yɛ ahodwiriwde a ɛyɛ den no fã biako.

Nsɔhwɛ ne amanneɛbɔ a wɔde bɛyɛ gyinapɛn no bɛma nkɔso akɔ ntɛmntɛm. Nhwehwɛmu akuw ahorow de nkyerɛase ahorow a ɛsonosonoe di dwuma wɔ dendrite a wɔhyehyɛ, nkwammoaa nhyehyɛe ahorow, ne nkonimdi gyinapɛn ahorow ho. Sɛ wɔde nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔbom yɛ a, ɛbɛma wɔatumi de nea efi mu ba no atoto ho tẽẽ na wɔahu akwan a ɛhyɛ bɔ no ntɛmntɛm.

Dendrite hyehyɛ bere nhyehyɛe ahorow no gu ahorow kɛse wɔ adwumayɛ tebea horow mu. Wɔ mprempren densities a ɛba fam bɛyɛ 0.5 mA/cm2, dendrite nucleation mfiase no betumi agye nnɔnhwerew ɔhaha pii. Wɔ current densities a ɛkorɔn boro 10 mA/cm2 mu no, dendrites betumi ayɛ na ama circuits tiawa aba wɔ simma kakraa bi mu. Ɔhyew, electrolyte a ɛwɔ mu, ne electrode no ani tebea nyinaa nya saa bere nhyehyɛe ahorow yi so nkɛntɛnso. Batere dodow no ara a wɔde di dwuma no yɛ adwuma wɔ tebea horow a sɛ ɛba a, dendrite a ɛba no kɔ so nkakrankakra wɔ charge cycle du du anaa ɔhaha pii mu sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ adwuma wɔ kyinhyia biako mu.

Wobetumi adan no fã bi wɔ tebea horow bi mu. Wɔ bere a wɔtow gu anaasɛ wɔhome mu no, dendrite ano betumi asan apete akɔ electrolyte no mu, titiriw sɛ wonnya nnyaa nkitahodi denam akwan a ɛma anyinam ahoɔden so nkɔ electrode no so a. Saa self-ayaresa suban yi kyerɛkyerɛ nea enti a pulsed charging protocols da no adi sɛ etu mpɔn-home bere ma dendrites a efi ase no tumi tew. Nanso, sɛ dendrites yɛ ahwehwɛ a ɛtrɛw anaasɛ ɛde anyinam ahoɔden tew ne ho sɛ lithium a awu pɛ a, ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye sɛ wɔbɛdan no. Siw a wosiw ano da so ara yɛ nea etu mpɔn sen sɛ wobesiesie.

Ɛnyɛ nea ɛho hia ankasa. Lithium-ion batere a wɔtaa de di dwuma a wɔde graphite anodes di dwuma no ntaa nnya dendrite a ɛba wɔ adwumayɛ tebea a ɛfata mu efisɛ lithium de ne ho hyɛ graphite mu sen sɛ ɛbɛkata so sɛ dade. Dendrite haw titiriw ka lithium dade anode a wɔde di dwuma wɔ awo ntoatoaso a edi hɔ-batere mu. Sɛ mpo lithium dade anodes, nhyehyɛe a ɛfata ne dwumadie a ɛwɔ aseɛ mprempren density thresholds a ɛho hia no betumi akura dendrite-free adwumayɛ mu daa. Nneɛma pa a wɔhwɛ so ne ayayade a wosiw ano ho hia sen nea wontumi nkwati a efi awosu mu.

Dendrite a wɔhyehyɛ no gyina hɔ ma anyinam ahoɔden ne mfiridwuma mu adeyɛ a ɛyɛ den a mprempren ahoɔden, ɔhyew, nneɛma a ɛwɔ ntam, ne nneɛma a ɛtɔ sin na ɛhwɛ so. Bere a mfiase no na wosusuw sɛ wobetumi asiw ano denam electrolytes a ɛyɛ den so no, dendrites nam akwan soronko a wɔfa so fi ase ne nea ɛtrɛw a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu a wɔde wɔn ani asi so wɔ ɔfã biara mu so na ɛba. Akwan pii-a 3D electrode architectures, artificial SEI layers, electrolyte engineering, ne pulsed charging protocols-kyerɛ bɔhyɛ a ɛbɛma mprempren density thresholds a ɛho hia no akɔ soro. Ɔkwan a wɔfa so kɔ aguadi mu ahoɔden kɛse-ahoɔden batere no gyina saa akwan yi a wɔbɛka abom bere a wɔkura sɛnea wɔyɛ ne ɛka-a ɛyɛ yiye no mu. Nnansa yi nkɔsoɔ a aba wɔ su ho akwan, kɔmputa so nhwɛsoɔ, ne mfiridwuma ho nteaseɛ mu kɔ so kyerɛ nkɔsoɔ kwan kɔ dendrite-resistant battery systems a ɛtumi di kar ne grid storage dwumadie a ɛhwehwɛ ho dwuma.