Dɛn Ne Batere Ahobammɔ Ahobammɔ?

Ma menka nokware: na batere mu ogya dodow no ara a yɛahu wɔ saa adwuma yi mu no nyɛ ahintasɛm. Ná wotumi hyɛ nkɔm. Obi skipped ahobammɔ layer bi de siee $50, anaasɛ adetɔ sohwɛfo bi paw BMS a ne bo yɛ mmerɛw sen biara wɔ Alibaba, anaasɛ-na eyi si sen sɛnea wubesusuw-forklift dwumayɛni bi gyaw ade no gyee ade no anadwo biako wɔ ɔdan bi a mframa nni mu wɔ awɔw bere mu.

Battery ahobammɔ ahobammɔ nyɛ abstract engineering adwene bi. Ɛyɛ hardware, software, ne design a wobɛpaw a wɔaboaboa ano a ɛmma wo battery pack a ne bo yɛ $15,000 no ntumi nsakra insurance a ɛyɛ $150,000. Anaasɛ nea enye koraa.

Yɛayɛ LiFePO4 packs ama nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma ne mfiridwuma kar bɛboro mfeɛ du ni. Saa asɛm yi titiriw yɛ biribiara a yɛpɛ sɛ obi ka kyerɛɛ yɛn bere a yɛhyɛɛ aseɛ-ne asuadeɛ kakraa bi a ne boɔ yɛ den a yɛsuaa wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ den so.

Industrial grade prismatic cells hia nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ den a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so.

Nea Enti a LiFePO4 ne Nea Enti a Ɛda so ara Hia Ahobammɔ

Asɛmmisa bi a yenya fi adetɔfo hɔ bere nyinaa ni: "Misusuwii sɛ lithium iron phosphate ne nnuru a ahobammɔ wom. Dɛn nti na mihia ahobammɔ nneɛma yi nyinaa?"

Fair point. LiFePO4 yɛ nea ahobammɔ wom ankasa sen NCM anaa NCA. Olivine ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe no nnyi oxygen mfi mu bere a ɛyɛ hyew no, na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛrenhyɛ n’ankasa ogya sɛnea nnuru abiɛsa betumi ayɛ no. Yɛayɛ nnadewa a ɛkɔ mu ho sɔhwɛ wɔ nkwammoaa a efi wɔn a wɔde ma ahorow anum hɔ-LiFePO4 nkwammoaa taa bɔ ebia digrii 150 na ɛtra hɔ kɛkɛ nom sigaret. NCM nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ sɔhwɛ koro no ara mu? Yɛahu 600℃+ ne ogyaframa ankasa.

Nanso "ahobammɔ" nkyerɛ sɛ "ahobammɔ." Yɛwɔ adetɔfoɔ bi wɔ afe 2021-logistics company wɔ Guangdong-a ɔsusuu sɛ LiFePO4 kyerɛ sɛ wɔnhia ɔhyew a wɔhwɛ so. Wɔakora ebia 800 RMB wɔ pack biara mu. Afei August bae, adekoradan no bɔɔ 45℃ambient, na charging system no nni thermal derating, na wowiee no na wɔde pack abiɛsa a ahonhon ne biako a mframa bɔ ankasa. Obiara ampira, anigyesɛm ne sɛ. Nanso mprempren wɔyɛ yɛn adetɔfo a wɔn ani gye BMS a ɛwɔ nneɛma nyinaa ho sen biara.

Nneɛma a Ɛde Ogya Ba Ankasa

Bere a woahu huammɔdi ahorow du du pii wɔ afuw mu (yɛn ne akansifo de) akyi no, nea ɛnkɔ yiye ankasa ni:

Charging ne baabi a ɔhaw 70% si.Ɛnyɛ dischargeing, ɛnyɛ storage-charging. Ne titiriw no:

• Charging a ɛba fam 0℃a enni low-temp ahobammɔ. Lithium mprɛte gu anode no so sen sɛ ɛbɛhyɛ mu yiye. Worentumi nhu sɛ ɛrekɔ so. Asram asia akyi no, emu tiawa, ɔhyew guan. Yɛmaa adetɔfo bi a ɔwɔ Harbin suaa eyi wɔ ɔkwan a ne bo yɛ den so.
• Overcharging efisɛ BMS voltage susuw no drifted na obiara anhu. Nkwammoaa a wɔahyɛ sɛ 3.65V no nya piapia kɔ 3.8V kyinhyia biara. Ɛyɛ adwuma yiye asram abiɛsa, afei da bi ɛnyɛ saa.
• Charger-BMS nkitahodi adi nkogu. Charger susuw sɛ battery wɔ 50% SOC, battery wɔ 95% ankasa. Full current kɔ pack a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ-full mu. Mmere bɔne.

Nkwammoaa a ɛnkari pɛ a obiara nhwɛ so.Wɔ 16S pack mu no, sɛ cell biako yɛ 50mAh ahoɔden a ɛba fam sen afoforo no a, ɛbɛbɔ 100% SOC ansa na pack no ayɛ. Kɔ so fa sakre a wonkari pɛ, saa nkwammoaa no nya ahoɔden boro so bere biara. Yɛahu packs asan aba ama warranty wɔ baabi a na cell biako wɔ 3.9V bere a nkae no tenaa 3.5V. Ɛno yɛ ogya a ɛretwɛn sɛ ɛbɛba.

Mfiri a ɛsɛe ade a ɛma nea ɛpaapae no yɛ basaa.Forklift ahorow bɔ nneɛma mu. Ɛno yɛ nokwasɛm ara kwa. Sɛ nsunsuansoɔ no sɛe nkwammoaa wɔ mu-sɛ mpo abɔnten nhwehwɛmu hwɛ yie-wubetumi anya emu tiawa a ɛkyɛ. Eyi nti na yɛ spec dade casings ma forklift applications, ɛnyɛ aluminium. Yiw, emu yɛ duru sen saa. Yiw, ɛfata.

Active Protection: Ɔhaw ahorow a Wɔma Mfi Ase

Nnwumakuw no kyekyɛ eyi mu yɛ no "active" ne "passive" ahobammɔ. Active kyerɛ sɛ wobesiw nneɛma bɔne ano. Passive kyerɛ damage control bere a ɛba ɔkwan biara so no.

Fi ase fi nkwammoaa no ankasa so

Ɛte sɛ nea ɛda adi pefee, nanso: tɔ nkwammoaa pa. Yɛasɔ nkwammoaa a efi ebia wɔn a wɔde ma ahorow 20 hɔ ahwɛ wɔ mfe no mu. Sɛnea nneɛma a ɛyɛ papa atrɛw no yɛ ahodwiriw ankasa. Same nominal specs, suban soronko koraa wɔ ayayade sɔhwɛ ase.

Nea ɛsɛ sɛ wohwehwɛ sɛ woreyɛ nhwehwɛmu amfiridwuma mu lithium batere a wɔde ma:

• Bisa video ahorow a wɔde sɔ nnadewa a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu hwɛ. Ɛnyɛ data nkrataa-video ankasa. Nkwammoaa pa bɔ wusiw na wɔbɔ hwirema. Nkwammoaa bɔne jet ogyaframa.
• Hwɛ separator specs no mu. Ceramic-coated separators di ɔhyew nhyɛso ho dwuma yiye. Yɛdanee kɔɔ ceramic-coated nkutoo so wɔ afe 2019 mu bere a batch bɔne a ɛyɛ amanne kwan so separators maa afuw mu huammɔdi abiɛsa bae wɔ nkyem anan mu biako mu akyi.
• Nneɛma a wɔde ka electrolyte ho no ho hia. Flame retardant additives, overcharge protection additives-saa adeɛ yi nyɛ aguadi, ɛyɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda nkwammoaa a ɛdi nkoguo fɛfɛɛfɛ ne deɛ ɛdi nkoguo basabasa ntam.

Yɛde mfe abien hwehwɛɛ yɛn mprempren nkwammoaa a yɛde ma no. Ɔkɔɔ adwumayɛbea hɔ mpɛn anan. Hwɛ wɔn QC nhyehyɛe no. Ɛyɛ adwuma a ɛyɛ mfonoe nanso ɛno nti na yɛda anadwo.

BMS yɛ batere no amemene, na ɛhwɛ ahoɔden, ahoɔden, ne ɔhyew so.

BMS: amemene a ɛma biribiara kɔ so tra ase

Momma yɛnyɛ nokware-BMS betumi ayɛ biribiara fi $15 biako-chip ano aduru so kosi $500 multi-board nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ redundancy so. Wo nsa ka nea wotua ho ka.

Cheap BMS haw ahorow a yɛahu:

• Voltage susuw pɛpɛɛpɛ ±30mV. Wɔ cell a 100mV wɔ "full" ne "dangerously overcharged" ntam so no, ɛno nyɛ papa.
• Nkwammoaa a ɛkari pɛ biara nni hɔ, anaasɛ passive balancing nkutoo. Passive balancing wɔ 50mA gye adapɛn pii ankasa na wɔasiesie imbalance kɛse.
• Asɛm baako-a ɛwɔ- huammɔdi nhyehyɛe ahorow mu. MOSFET biako wu, pack mũ no nyinaa nni ahobammɔ.
• Ɔhyew sensor biara nni hɔ, anaasɛ sensor biako ma pack no nyinaa. Ɛnyɛ den sɛ ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro wɔ 20kWh pack mu no betumi abɔ digrii 15 . Sensor biako nka hwee nkyerɛ wo.

Nea BMS a ɛfata yɛ:

• Ɔhwɛ cell voltage biara so mmiako mmiako. Ɛnyɛ module-gyinabea, cell-gyinabea.
• Active balancing wɔ nteaseɛ currents (yɛtu mmirika 1A + wɔ yɛn packs) .
• Ɔhyew sensor ahorow pii a ɛwɔ gyinabea logging
• Mprempren sensing a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ araa ma ɛyɛ coulomb akontaabu ankasa
• Nkitahodi ne charger ma ahobammɔ a wɔayɛ no biako
• Hardware backup twa nkitahodi a ɛde ne ho fi processor titiriw no ho

Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ ɛka a ɛda nwura BMS ne nea ɛfata ntam no betumi ayɛ $200-300 wɔ forklift pack so. Pack no bo yɛ $8,000+. Forklift no bo yɛ $30,000+. Adekoradan a ɛte mu no bo yɛ den... woahu baabi a eyi rekɔ.

Sɛ adetɔfo bisa yɛn afotu wɔ paw alithium batere a wɔyɛ no, yɛka kyerɛ wɔn sɛ: bisa BMS no ho asɛm. Bisa sɛ hwɛ schematic no. Sɛ wɔankyerɛ wo a, nantew kɔ.

Charging control: baabi a ogya dodow no ara fi ase ankasa

Yɛkaa eyi ho asɛm dedaw nanso ɛfata sɛ yɛsan ka bio. Charging yɛ asiane.

Sɛnea ahobammɔ a ɛfata a wɔbɔ wɔ charge ho te ni:

Ɔhyew-a wɔatua ho ka wɔ charging.Wɔ 0℃ase ? Mfa charge, anaasɛ nnye charge wɔ current a wɔatew so kɛse so. Ɛboro digrii 45 ? Saa ara na ɛyɛ apam. Eyi nyɛ nea wobetumi apaw. Yɛn standard packs no mpo rennye charge a ɛba fam sen -10℃-BMS no pow kɛkɛ sɛ ɛbɛto charge contactor no mu.

Side note: yɛanya adetɔn mmarima ahyɛ adetɔfo bɔ sɛ "-20℃charging capability" na afei engineering wɔ sɛ kyerɛkyerɛ nea enti a ɛno nkɔ so. Lithium a wɔde kata so yɛ lithium a wɔde kata so. Physics mfa wo botae a wode bɛtɔn nneɛma no ho.

Voltage-gyina awieɛ a ɛwɔ margin.Sɛ nkwammoaa no yɛ 3.65V max a, yewie wɔ 3.60V. Yiw, wobɛhwere ebia 2-3% tumi a wɔde di dwuma. Wo nso wo ntow. Aguadi pa.

Passive Protection: Bere a Nneɛma Nkɔ yiye Ɔkwan biara so

Hwɛ, yebetumi ayɛ ahobammɔ nhyehyɛe a eye sen biara wɔ wiase na nneɛma bɛda so ara adi nkogu bere ne bere mu. Lɔre bi ka wo batere no so. Nsuyiri bi ma ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri no yɛ tiaa. Obi bu n’ani gu kɔkɔbɔ biara so na ɔhyɛ sɛ wɔbɔ no charge wɔ -30℃efisɛ ɛsɛ sɛ delivery no fi adi.

Passive protection fa ɔsɛe a wɔbɛto ano hye bere a active protection di nkogu no ho.

Ɔhyew akwanside ahorow

Nkwammoaa ntam, module ahorow ntam, ne pack no akyi atwa ho ahyia. Botaeɛ no nnyɛ sɛ wobɛgyae thermal runaway-sɛ ɛhyɛ aseɛ pɛ a, ɛrekɔ. Botae no ne sɛ wobɛma ntrɛwmu no ayɛ brɛoo sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wubenya bere de ayɛ w’ade.

Yɛde ceramic fiber sheets a wɔaka abom di dwuma wɔ module ne aerogel ntama a ɛwɔ mu afasu no so. Ɛnyɛ nea ne bo yɛ mmerɛw. Nanso sɛ nkwammoaa biako kɔ a, nkwammoaa a ɛbɛn hɔ no nya sikani 30-60 foforo ansa na wɔakɔ ɔhyew a emu yɛ den mu. Ɛno taa yɛ bere a ɛdɔɔso ma suppression systems no yɛ adwuma anaasɛ pack no betumi atwa na akɔ mframa mu dwoodwoo.

Wɔ obiara a obenya fi aLiFePO4 battery ano aduru a wɔde ma, bisa thermal barrier specs ho asɛm. Sɛ wontumi nkyerɛ wo sɛnea wɔn akwanside nneɛma no yɛ hyew ne sɛnea ɛko tia ogya a, ɛno yɛ frankaa kɔkɔɔ.

Ogya a wɔde siw ano

Wɔ instɔlehyɛn a ɛsom bo-a ɛkorɔn ho no, wopɛ sɛ wɔasiw ano. Standard fire extinguishers nnyɛ adwuma yie wɔ lithium battery so-ogya no wɔ mu, na ɛnam ne ho{3}}ɔhyeɛ a nsuo ntumi nsiw ano na ɛkanyan.

Yɛde suppression systems a ɛde perfluorohexanone-based agents di dwuma ayɛ adwuma. Wɔma nkwammoaa no dwo bere a wɔde nnuru siw ɔhyew kwan no. Ɛnyɛ nea edi mũ, nanso eye kɛse sen sɛ wobɛbɔ mmɔden sɛ wobɛpete CO2 wɔ nnuru a ɛwɔ wo mu no mu.

Nanso ɔkasa ankasa: nhyɛso yɛ ɔkwan a etwa to. Sɛ wo suppression system no yɛ adwuma a, wo battery asɛe dedaw. Woreto collateral damage ano hye kɛkɛ wɔ saa bere no mu. Ɛyɛ papa sɛ worenhia da.

Enclosure nhyehyɛe

Ɛsɛ sɛ baabi a wɔabɔ ho ban no yɛ nneɛma pii:

• Fa mframa biara a ɛma mframa bɔ gu mu na fa kwan fi nnipa ho
• Nya nkwa wɔ mfiri a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so (forklift packs to fam, wɔbɔ, tu mmirika kɔ nneɛma mu) .
• Kura IP rating mu mpo wɔ nkɛntɛnso ahorow akyi
• Ma ɔhyew no nkɔ bere a wɔreyɛ adwuma sɛnea ɛsɛ bere a wokura ɔhyew mu bere a ɔhyew ho nsɛm resisi no

Yɛ spec dade enclosures a wɔakyerɛ venting akwan ma yɛn forklift applications nyinaa. Mframa kwan no ho hia-wompɛ sɛ mframa a ɛyɛ hyew dodo bɛkɔ nea ɔde di dwuma no so anaa nneɛma a ogya tumi hyew so.

Mfomso a Wohu: Ɔhaw Ahorow a Wɔkyere Ansa na Abɛyɛ Ogya

Eyi ne ɔfã a ɛtetew batere nhyehyɛe a anibere wom ne nea ne bo nyɛ den ho.

Ankasa-bere a wɔhwɛ so kyere asiane ahorow a ɛba ntɛm ara-voltage a ɛtɔ bere a wɔretu no kyerɛ sɛ biribi ayɛ tiaa; temperature spiking bere a wɔrebɔ charge no kyerɛ sɛ biribi anyɛ yiye. Eyinom hia ahobammɔ ho mmuae ntɛm ara.

Nanso nneɛma a ɛsom bo ne trend analysis. Ebia nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ hyew digrii 5 bere nyinaa sen n’afipamfo no wɔ emu ahoɔden a ɛko tia no kɛse. Ɛnyɛ nea asiane wom nnɛ. Ɛbɛyɛ wɔ asram asia akyi. BMS pa kyerɛw saa data yi, hyɛ nea ɛrekɔ so no frankaa, na ɛma wudi ho dwuma bere a wɔayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ woresiesie no sen sɛ wobedi ho dwuma bere a ogya retɔ adekoradan mu.

Yɛyɛ ɔsram biara data twetwe wɔ yɛn fleet-deployed packs nyinaa so. Yɛakyere mfomso ahorow a ɛrenya nkɔso anyɛ yiye koraa no mpɛn dumien a sɛ wobu ani gu so a anka ɛbɛyɛ afuw mu huammɔdi. Pack biako kyerɛɛ nkwammoaa biako a ɛrekɔ soro 20mV wɔ asram abiɛsa mu. Twe no, hwehwɛɛ mu, huu ntɛm-stage separator degradation. Sesaa module no, pack da so ara reyɛ adwuma yiye mfe abien akyi.

Sɛ wo ne obi a obetumi akasa alithium battery OEM ɔhokafo, bisa wɔn tumi a wɔde hwehwɛ yare no ho asɛm. Bisa sɛ hwɛ nhwɛsode po so ahyɛn data amanneɛbɔ. Sɛ wɔantumi ankyerɛ wo trend analysis ne predictive maintenance data a, ebia wɔn BMS reyɛ basic threshold monitoring-a ɛyɛ bare minimum kɛkɛ.

Gyinapɛn ne Nea Ɛkyerɛ Ankasa

UN38.3, IEC 62619, UL 1973-wubehu saa adansedie ahodoɔ yi wɔ baabiara. Nokware a ɛnyɛ dɛ ni: gyinapɛn ahorow yi a wobɛtwam no kyerɛ sɛ wo batere no di ahwehwɛde a ɛba fam koraa no ho dwuma. Ɛnkyerɛ sɛ eye.

Yɛasɔ akansifoɔ pack a na wɔwɔ adansedie nyinaa ahwɛ na ɛda so ara adi nkoguo wɔ mfitiaseɛ ayayadeɛ sɔhwɛ a yɛtu mmirika wɔ-fie mu. Gyinapɛn yɛ fam, ɛnyɛ ɔdan atifi.

Ɛno akyi no, sɛ supplier bi ntumi nkyerɛ wo saa certs yi a, guan. Wɔyɛ table stakes. Kɛkɛ nsusuw sɛ adansedi ne su yɛ pɛ.

Yɛn mu sɔhwɛ no kɔ akyiri sen gyinapɛn ahwehwɛde ahorow. Ɔhyew anohyeto ahorow a ɛba fam. Mprempren ayayade a ɛkorɔn. Ɔhyew so sakre a wɔatrɛw mu. Yɛpɛ sɛ yehu sɛnea yɛn pack ahorow no di nkogu, na ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛtwa sɔhwɛ pɔtee bi mu kɛkɛ.

Wɔ adetɔfoɔ a wohia nhyehyeɛ a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ-voltages a ɛnyɛ ne kwan so, form factors pɔtee, nkabom a ɛne proprietary systems-a ɛne aamanne kwan so lithium batere yɛfonea ɔyɛ sɔhwɛ a wɔatrɛw mu yi fata sɛ wotua no. Adansedie no ka kyerɛ wo sɛ pack no hyia code. Sɔhwɛ a wɔatrɛw mu no kyerɛ wo sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ adwuma ankasa wɔ wo application no mu.

Nea Yɛkamfo kyerɛ Ankasa

Eyi nyinaa akyi no, sɛ worekyerɛ batere a wɔde bɛyɛ mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a, dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ ankasa?

Nokwarem no, saa adwuma yi ayɛ yiye kɛse wɔ mfe anum a atwam no mu. Bere a yefii ase no, na pack ahorow a ɛwɔ gua so no fã yɛ atopae a wɔde bere yɛ adwuma titiriw. Mprempren wɔn a wɔde nneɛma ma a anibere wom dodow no ara reyɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a ahobammɔ wom a ntease wom. Nanso "reasonably safe" da so ara gyaw kwan ma ɛka-twitwa a ɛde ogya ba no. W’adwuma ne sɛ wubehu wɔn a wɔde nneɛma ma a wɔreyɛ adwuma no ankasa versus wɔn a wɔreyɛ check boxes kɛkɛ.

Battery ahobammɔ nyɛ sexy. Ɛnyɛ aguadi pa. Obiara antɔ forklift da efisɛ na batere no wɔ ahoɔden kɛse a ɛko tia thermal runaway propagation.

Nanso nya no bɔne na biribiara a aka no gyae ho hia ntɛmntɛm yiye. Yɛakyekye yɛn din wɔ packs a ɛyɛ adwuma ara kwa, afe biara, wɔ tebea horow a ɛbɛkum nhyehyɛe ahorow a ne bo yɛ mmerɛw mu. Ɛno ne nea ɛsɛ sɛ wohwehwɛ wɔ supplier biara a wobɛsɔ ahwɛ mu.

Nsɛmmisa? Yɛn ani gye bere nyinaa sɛ yɛbɛkasa denam application pɔtee bi so. Ɛno nti na yɛaba ha.