Lithium-Ion Traction Battery Pack Ɔsom Nkwa Nkwa

Ɔsram a etwaam no yɛbubuu 48V 400Ah forklift pack a efi logistics center bi a ɛwɔ Netherlands san bae no. Adetɔfo no nwiinwii sɛ owui wɔ sakre 1,400 mu. Lab sɔhwɛ kyerɛe sɛ nkwammoaa abiɛsa a ɛwɔ module 2 mu te 2.6V bere a wɔn afipamfo kura 3.2V. Saa 600mV gap no nni hɔ bere a pack no de mena-yɛn QC kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow no kyerɛɛ 8mV variance wɔ delivery no mu. Baabi wɔ Rotterdam ne asram 14 a wɔde yɛɛ adwuma mprɛnsa-a wɔde yɛɛ adwuma wɔ bere foforo mu ntam no, biribi kɔɔ nkyɛn.

Eyi taa si sen sɛnea spec nkrataa kyerɛ. Na ɛfata sɛ yɛte nea enti a ɛte saa no ase.

80% Threshold Ɔhaw no

IEC 62620 kyerɛkyerɛ awiei-a -nkwa ase ma mfiridwuma mu lithium batere sɛ bere a tumi a wotumi de di dwuma no kɔ fam sen 80% wɔ tumi a wɔahyɛ sɛ wɔmfa nni dwuma no mu. Ɛnyɛ den sɛnea ɛsɛ. 400Ah pack "wu" wɔ 320Ah. Dodow no ara procurement specs copy saa nkyerɛase yi asɛmfua biara.

Nanso nea IEC 62620 nka nkyerɛ wo ni: wɔde saa aboboano no sii hɔ maa aduruyɛdan mu tebea horow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ. Ɔhyew a wɔahyɛ so. Wɔahyɛ sika a wɔbɔ ho ka. Wɔsan yɛɛ discharge profile ahorow a ɛyɛ pɛ mpɛn mpempem pii. Obiara nni hɔ a ɔmfa forklifts nni dwuma wɔ wim tebea dan a ɛwɔ digrii 25 a 0.5C a ɛkɔ so daa no mu.

Nea Ekum Ankasa Packs Mfiase

Netherlands asɛm no twee adwene sii nkwammoaa a enhyia a wɔma ɛyɛ kɛse so tẽẽ. Yɛahu saa nhwɛso yi mpɛn pii a ɛbɛma yɛahu sɛ ɛnyɛ random.

Pack biara de nsakrae bi ba nkwammoaa ntam. Nneɛma a wɔyɛ ho abotare wɔ hɔ. Electrode a wɔde kata so no mu duru gu ahorow micron biara wɔ micron biara mu wɔ nneɛma a wɔyɛ no nyinaa mu. Electrolyte fill volumes nyɛ pɛ koraa. Saa nsonsonoeɛ yi yɛ ketewa-ebia ±1.5% tumi nsakraeɛ wɔ batch a wɔahyɛ so denneennen mu, ±4% anaa nea enye koraa firi lithium batere a wɔde ma a wɔtwa ntwea so wɔ nhwehwɛmu a ɛba no mu.

Wɔ nhama a ɛtoatoa so mu no, nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sen biara no na ɛde ahoɔhare no si hɔ. Discharge gyae bere a saa cell no bɔ cutoff voltage, a tumi a aka wɔ nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ den mu mfa ho. Charge ba awiei bere a nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ den sen biara no hyɛ ma, na ebetumi ama nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no anya ahoɔden a ɛba fam kakra.

Nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no kyinhyia kɔ akyiri bere a wɔde toto ne tumi ho no. Kyinkyin a emu dɔ ma SEI nyin ntɛmntɛm wɔ graphite anode-electrolyte ntamgyinafo a ɛyɛ den a ɛba wɔ abɔde mu bere a ɛreyɛ adwuma nanso ɛyɛ den ntɛmntɛm wɔ nhyɛso ase no so. Kyinhyia biara, ɔkwan a ɛda ntam no trɛw. Nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no yɛ mmerɛw. Pack capacity di nea ɔyɛ adwuma bɔne sen biara no akyi, na ɛno resɛe ntɛmntɛm sen sɛnea wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ no.

2023 dataset a nhwehwɛmufo tintimii a ɛma lithium-ion nkwammoaa nyin wɔ forklift adwumayɛ ho nsɛm a ɛyɛ nokware ase no kyerɛɛ saa adwinnade yi pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nkwammoaa a wɔsɔɔ hwɛe wɔ digrii 45 mu no sɛee ntɛmntɛm bɛyɛ mmɔho abien sen nea ɛwɔ digrii 35 mu wɔ adwumayɛ a ɛne no sɛ mu. Ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro wɔ pack-a ɛwɔ hɔ koraa a egyina gyinabea, mframa a ɛkɔ, ne baabi a ɛbɛn motor drive electronics-de nkɛntɛnso koro no ara ba: onyin a ɛnteɛ, ɛma nea ɛnhyia ntɛmntɛm.

Temperature Nnyɛ Spec Line Kɛseɛ

Forklift adwumayɛfo ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛka ɔhyew a ɛwɔ adwumayɛ mu ho asɛm. "Ɛyɛ adwuma fi digrii -20 kosi digrii 60 ." Ampa, pack no bɛyɛ adwuma wɔ mfiridwuma mu wɔ saa ntrɛwmu no nyinaa mu. Nanso nsonsonoe kɛse wɔ "adwumayɛ" ne "ɛtra hɔ daa" ntam.

Arrhenius abusuabɔ no na ɛkyerɛ nnuru a ɛyɛ adwuma ntɛmntɛm, na SEI nyin yɛ nnuruyɛ mu adeyɛ titiriw. Wɔ digrii 10 biara a ɛboro digrii 25 so no, bɛyɛ sɛ mfiri a ɛma nneɛma sɛe no ahoɔhare mmɔho abien. Sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, pack a ɛtu mmirika wɔ digrii 35 mu no nyin ntɛmntɛm bɛyɛ mmɔho abien sen nea ɛkɔ so yɛ digrii 25 . Pia ɛno kɔ 45℃-a ɛtaa ba wɔ adekoradan a ɛyɛ hyew anaa packs a wɔapiapia mu wɔ chassis compartments a ɛyɛ den a mframa pa nkɔ mu-na worehwɛ 4x ntɛmntɛm onyin.

Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a awɔw wom de ɔhaw ahorow ba. Below about 10℃, lithium plating asiane no kɔ soro bere a wɔrebɔ charge no. Lithium kɔ anode no ani sen sɛ ɛbɛkɔ graphite mu yiye. Eyi yɛ tumi a wɔhwere a wontumi nsakra ne ahobammɔ ho asɛm a ebetumi aba sɛ plating boaboa ano a.

Yɛhyɛɛ aseɛ kamfoo active thermal management-simple fan cooling, biribiara a ɛyɛ nwonwa-ma adetɔfoɔ a wɔwɔ Asia Kesee Fam Apueeɛ gua so wɔ berɛ a yɛhunuu nhwɛsoɔ a ɛkɔ so daa wɔ packs a wɔasan de aba mu akyi. $300 cooling upgrade no taa trɛw cycle nkwa nna mu 800-1,200 cycles gyina tebea a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so. Wɔ po so ahyɛn a ɛretu mmirika 400+ sakre afe biara no, ɛno yɛ mfe 2-3 foforo a wɔde ayɛ adwuma.

Nea BMS Betumi Nsiesie ne Nea Entumi Nsiesie

Batere ho nhyehyɛe ahorow hwɛ ahoɔden, ɔhyew, ne anyinam ahoɔden. Wɔn a wɔyɛ papa no kari pɛ wɔ nkwammoaa mu bere a wɔrebɔ no. Nanso BMS ntumi nsiesie mfitiaseɛ a ɛnhyia-ɛtumi kata sɛnkyerɛnneɛ so bere tiaa bi nko ara.

Passive balancing ma mogya a ɛboro so fi nkwammoaa a ɛkorɔn mu fa resistors so. Active balancing shuffles charge wɔ nkwammoaa ntam yiye. Akwan abien no nyinaa ma voltage yɛ pɛ wɔ charge awiei. Wɔn mu biara nni ɔhaw a ɛwɔ ase no ho dwuma: sɛ nkwammoaa biako kura 380Ah bere a afipamfo kura 400Ah a, kari pɛ hwɛ hu sɛ wodu ahoɔden koro no ara, nanso saa 380Ah nkwammoaa no da so ara to pack discharge tumi ano hye.

Nneɛma a ɛyɛ papa sohwɛ ankasa no si wɔ soro-nkwaboaa a wɔpaw, hyehyɛ, ne nea ɛne ne ho hyia ansa na wɔaboaboa pack ano. Polinovel nhwehwɛmu a ɛba no de n’ani si ±5mV voltage variance ne ±1.5% tumi matching wɔ cells a wɔde rekɔ pack koro no ara so. Saa abodwokyɛre ahorow no a wɔbɛbɔ no gye bere ne sika. Sɛ wɔmmɔ wɔn a, ɛma adetɔfo cycle nkwa hwere.

Charge Su Ho Hia Sen Charge Rate

Wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no haw wɔn ho wɔ batere a ɛbɛbɔ ntɛmntɛm a ɛsɛe no ho. Wɔ ntease mu-ka sɛ, 0.3C kosi 1C ma LFP chemistry-charge rate wɔ nkɛntɛnso ketewaa bi sɛ wɔde toto nneɛma afoforo ho a.

Nea ɛho hia kɛse: charge cutoff voltage ne discharge depth.

Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ lithium cobalt oxide nkwammoaa ho no kyerɛe sɛ sɛ wɔtew charge cutoff so 100mV pɛ-gye tom kakra a ennu tumi a edi mũ biara charge-trɛw kyinhyia nkwa nna mu 2-3x. LFP nnuruyɛ de bɔne kyɛ kɛse, nanso nnyinasosɛm no kura mu. Batere ahorow a wɔasi so dua kodu wɔn anohyeto koraa no nyin ntɛmntɛm sen nea wɔde margin di dwuma no.

Depth of discharge di nhyehyɛe koro no ara akyi. Pack a cycled ntam 20-80% SOC bɛkyɛ asen pack a ɛyɛ pɛ a cycled 0-100% bɛyɛ 3-5x a egyina chemistry ne ɔhyew so. Fleet operators a wobetumi size packs ne buffer a ɛfata-sen sɛ wɔde mmirika bɛtu mmirika akɔ empty shift biara-hu honam fam adwumayɛ a eye sen biara wɔ nkwa nna nyinaa mu.

Eyi nyɛ nsusuwii hunu. Ɛda adi wɔ yɛn warranty data mu. Adetɔfoɔ a wɔretu mmirika a ɛnyɛ den wɔ wim tebea-ahyɛdeɛ so no nya kyinhyia 3,000+ daa. Ebia adetɔfo a wɔretu mmirika a emu dɔ wɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew no behu 1,500. Nkwammoaa koro, BMS koro, nnuruyɛ koro-oprehyɛn tebea horow, nea efi mu ba a ɛsono emu biara koraa.

Pack Architecture Aguadi-offs

Mfiridwuma mu traction pack dodow no ara de mixed series-parallel nhyehyeɛ di dwuma. 48V 400Ah nhyehyɛe a wɔtaa yɛ no betumi ayɛ 4P16S-nkwaboaa anan a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ ayɛ kuw, akuw dunsia a ɛtoatoa so. Parallel grouping ma mprempren kyɛfa bi a ɛwɔ awosu mu ne mfomso a wotumi gyina ano. Series nkitahodi ahorow no kyekye voltage.

Parallel counts a ɛkorɔn ma wotumi gyina ano. Cell biako a entumi nyɛ adwuma yiye wɔ 4P kuw mu no ma kuw no tumi so tew 25% nanso ɛma pack no kɔ so yɛ adwuma. Saa huammɔdi koro no ara wɔ 2P nhyehyɛe mu no ma kuw no yɛ fã. Wɔ nnwinnade a bere a wɔanhyɛ da ayɛ ho nhyehyɛe no bo yɛ $200-400/dɔnhwerew no, redundancy no ho hia.

The flip side: parallel counts a ɛkorɔn betumi akata ɔhaw ahorow a ɛrenya nkɔso so akyɛ. Nkwammoaa mu kyɛfa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛne afipamfo baasa a wɔwɔ apɔwmuden kyɛ no twetwe kakraa bi fi ɔtare a wɔtaa de di dwuma no mu, na ebetumi akyɛ nea wobehu no mu kosi sɛ nkwammoaa pii bɛsɛe kɛse.

Wei nti na cell-level monitoring nam BMS-ɛnyɛ module-level-mu nko ara so no bɛyɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse ma high{4}}reliability applications. Sensing hardware foforo no de ɛka ka ho, nanso ɛde kɔkɔbɔ a edi kan ma wɔ nsɛm a ɛrekɔ so ho.

Akwanhwɛ a Ɛyɛ Nokware

Wɔ LFP twetwe packs a wɔayɛ no yie{3}}25-35℃adwumayɛ, cell matching a ɛfata, 80% DOD cycling-hwɛ kwan sɛ 2,500-3,500 cycles bɛkɔ 80% tumi threshold. Kalenda nkwa taa boro mfe 8-10 sɛ yɛfa no sɛ nneɛma a wɔkora so tebea a ɛfata.

Oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ no basabasa no mia dodow yi kɛse. Nkwammoaa a ɛne ne ho nhyia yiye, mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew a ɛkɔ soro, nsu a ɛkɔ akyiri a ɛkɔ akyiri, anaasɛ ɔhyew a wɔmfa nni dwuma yiye no betumi ama ɔsom nkwa nna ankasa akɔ fam akodu 1,200-1,800 kyinhyia. Yɛahu nneɛma abien no nyinaa a ɛtra so.

Nsonsonoe a ɛda best-case ne worst-case ntam no kyerɛkyerɛ nea enti a ɛsɛ sɛ adetɔ akuw a wɔresusuw mfiridwuma mu lithium battery packs ho no hwɛ kɔ akyiri sen asɛmti no mu nsɛm. Bisa degradation curves fi afuw mu deployments a wɔde toto ho. Bisa cell consistency data fi production. Te thermal design nyansapɛ no ase. Lithium battery OEM hokafo biara a ɔwɔ din betumi de saa nsɛm yi ama-na ɛsɛ sɛ, a enhia hedging.

Nea Eyi Kyerɛ Wɔ Nneyɛe Mu

Ɔsom nkwa nna ho nkɔmhyɛ ahorow na ɛma wobu ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ ne wurayɛ ho nyinaa. Pack a ne bo yɛ $15,000 a ɛde cycle 3,000 bɛkɔ no bo yɛ $5/cycle. Pack koro no ara a ɛde cycle 1,500 kɔ no bo yɛ $10/cycle. Mpofirim ara mfaso a ɛwɔ adwumayɛ mu sen kɔbere-acid no so tew kɛse.

Ɛnsɛ sɛ fleet managers a wɔde toto forklift lithium battery suppliers ho no gyina unit bo ne cycle nkwa a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ. Tutu fam wɔ nneyɛe a wɔde hwehwɛ nkwammoaa mu nneɛma mu. Bisa voltage ne capacity matching tolerances ho asɛm wɔ pack nhyiam ase. Te warranty nsɛm ase-titiriw, degradation rate bɛn na ɛkanyan coverage ne adwumayɛ tebea bɛn na ɛma ɛyɛ kwa.

Abɔde mu nneɛma a ɛfa lithium batere a ɛsɛe ho no di dwuma wɔ amansan nyinaa mu. Nea ɛtetew pack ahorow a ɛbɔ wɔn nkwa a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm no fi nea ɛtɔ sin no ho ne mfiridwuma mu nteɛso wɔ ɔfã biara mu: nkwammoaa a wɔpaw, ɔhyew nhyehyɛe, BMS calibration, ne nokwaredi nkitahodi a ɛfa adwumayɛ anohyeto ahorow ho.

Yɛayɛ LiFePO4 traction batteries ama material handling equipment fi 2016. Nhwɛsoɔ a yɛhunu wɔ field sanba mu no nsakraeɛ kɛseɛ: ɔhyeɛ nhyɛsoɔ, cell inconsistency amplification, ne adwumayɛ tebea a ɛwɔ design anohyetoɔ akyi no na ɛde huammɔdi dodoɔ no ara a ɛboro soɔ ba. Packs a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye no kyɛ su koro-tight cell matching, thermal margins a ɛfata, ne adwumayɛfo a wɔte wɔn anohyeto ase.

Ɛno nyɛ anigye kɛse te sɛ nnuruyɛ ho dawurubɔ ahorow a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Nanso ɛno na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia wo po so ahyɛn no hu ɔsom nkwa nna a w’adwuma asɛm no faa no sɛ ebia.