AGV Battery a wɔde yɛ adwumaPaw Akwankyerɛ: Voltage, Tumi & Charging Ahwehwɛde
Wɔ mfeɛ mmiɛnsa a atwam no mu no, yɛahu sɛ AGV nnwuma pii anya battery selection a ɛnteɛ sene sɛ ɛteɛ. Ɛnyɛ sɛ adetɔfo nni mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ nti, na mmom esiane sɛ spec sheets a wɔn a wɔde ma no de ma no titiriw no mfaso nni so ma gyinaesi ankasa nti. Batere abien a wɔakyerɛw so sɛ 48V 100Ah, biako bo yɛ den sen foforo no mmɔho abiɛsa. Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛwɔ mu? Ɛno ne nea akwankyerɛ yi fa ho.
Voltage a Wɔpaw
Wo AGV tɔnfoɔ no se kar no hia 48V, enti wokɔtotɔ 48V battery. Ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ tẽẽ. Ɛnyɛ saa.
Abɔde mu nneɛma ho adesua mfitiase kan.
Tumi yɛ pɛ voltage mpɛn mprempren. Sɛ wobɛtumi ayɛ 5000W a, 48V nhyehyɛeɛ twetwe 104A, 36V nhyehyɛeɛ twetwe 139A, 24V nhyehyɛeɛ twetwe 208A. Current a ɛkorɔn kyerɛ sɛ nhama a ɛyɛ den, contactor wear ntɛmntɛm, ɔhyew pii wɔ connectors mu. 24V a wode bedi dwuma wɔ baabi a wubetumi de 48V adi dwuma no yɛ sɛ worebisa ɔhaw wɔ kwan so.
Nanso nnwuma ankasa nyɛ mmerɛw saa. Yɛyɛɛ cold storage adwuma afe a etwaam no, mfiase no spec'd 48V LFP. Wɔ sɔhwɛ mu no, emu resistance spiked wɔ awɔw temps, charge ahobammɔ kɔɔ so kanyan. Wɔsesaa no kɔɔ 36V so. Ɛnyɛ nea etu mpɔn kɛse wɔ krataa so, nanso wotumi de ho to so. Wɔ freezer mmeae no, ahotoso boro adwumayɛ a etu mpɔn bere biara.
Me mmara a ɛfa voltage a wɔpaw ho:
24V
24V yɛ adwuma ma sub-500kg adesoa, ase 2kW tumi ahwehwɛde, sikasɛm nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ den. Nokwarem no yɛntaa nkamfo 24V bio gye sɛ afɛfo bisa no pɔtee.
48V
48V kata adekoradan AGV dodow no ara so. Di adesoa tɔn 1 kosi 2.5 ho dwuma, charge infrastructure a ɛho akokwaw, supplier paw a ɛtrɛw sen biara. Default choice sɛ biribi titiriw biara nkɔ so a.
72V+
72V ne 80V ma forklifts a emu yɛ duru, hyɛn gyinabea nnwinnade, abɔnten haulers. Samsung SDI yɛɛ 94V nhyehyɛe maa anyinam ahoɔden forklifts a emu duru yɛ tɔn 10 a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛne diesel adwumayɛ hyia (ɛno fi wɔn wɛbsaet hɔ, m’ankasa mensɔ nhwɛe, nanso Samsung track record wɔ saa ahunmu yi yɛ den).
Capacity: Obiara Nim Formula no, Obiara Nnim Baabi a Obenya Inputs no
Nnuru a Wɔde Di Dwuma
Tumi (Ah)=Tumi (W) × Bere a wɔde tu mmirika ( nnɔnhwerew) ÷ Voltage (V) ÷ Nneɛma a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye
Nea ɛyɛ adwuma yiye: 0.95 ma lithium, 0.85 ma lead acid.
Ɔhaw no ne "tumi" nɔma no. AGV adetɔnfo ma wo "typical conditions" a ɛkyerɛ sɛ fam a ɛyɛ tratraa, adesoa a ɛyɛ gyinapɛn, ɛnyɛ nea wɔtaa fi ase na wonnyae. Adekoradan ankasa wɔ ramps, overloading, peak nnɔnhwerew a ɛkɔ so yɛ adwuma. Ankasa tumi twetwe betumi atu mmirika 50% a ɛkorɔn sen spec krataa nɔma.
Nea yɛyɛ: bisa AGV adetɔnfo no nɔma abiɛsa. Unloaded cruise tumi, loaded foro tumi, peak tumi. Afei bu weighted average a egyina akwan ankasa a client no fa so. Sɛ adetɔnfo no tumi de "average power" nɔma biako pɛ a emu nna hɔ ma a, mede 1.3 bɔ ho ansa na mabu akontaa.
Sɛ yɛbɛhwɛ a, JD Logistics tintim wɔn Asia No.1 smart warehouses ho nsɛm. Wɔn Dilang AGVs no soa 500kg, tu mmirika nnɔnhwerew 6 kosi 9 a wɔde ahyɛ cells a wɔde aba amannɔne so, ɛboa 50A fast charging a ɛwie wɔ simma 30 mu (fibea: JD Logistics mfiridwuma ho nkrataa). Wɔ 48V mu no, 50A charging kyerɛ sɛ battery tumi wɔ baabi a ɛwɔ 40Ah ne 60Ah ntam. Ɛno yɛ nteaseɛ ma 500kg carrier. Sɛ wo kar no fa nneɛma pii anaasɛ ɛnam akwan tenten so a, ma ne kar no nkɔ soro sɛnea ɛfata.
Chemistry: LFP, NMC, LTO Biara Wɔ Ne Beae
Lithium nnuru abiɛsa na ɛhyɛ AGV gua so. Me take ni:
LFP (lithium dade a wɔfrɛ no phosphate) .
Paw a ɛfata ma nnwuma 90%. Kyinhyia nkwa tenten, ahobammɔ ho nsɛm pa, ɛka so atew kɛse. CATL ne BYD yɛ LFP nkwammoaa a wotumi de ho to so a ɛwɔ nneɛma a wɔde ma a ɛho akokwaw. Gye sɛ wowɔ ntease pɔtee bi a enti ɛsɛ sɛ wopaw biribi foforo, default to LFP.
NMC (nikel manganese kobalt) a wɔde yɛ nneɛma .
Ahoɔden a ɛkɔ soro sen LFP, nanso kyinhyia nkwa nna tiaa ne asiane a ɛkɔ soro a ɛma woguan fi ɔhyew mu. Susuw NMC ho sɛ wo AGV batere dan no sua dodo sɛ ɛbɛfata LFP nne a wuhia nkutoo a. Ankasa m’ani nnye NMC ho wɔ warehouse environments. Sɛ thermal runaway ba a, wobɛhwere adekoradan no nyinaa a ɛsom bo a wode asie no, ɛnyɛ AGV no nkutoo.
LTO (aduru a wɔfrɛ no lithium titanate) .
Asɛm titiriw bi. Ahoɔden a ɛyɛ den yɛ LFP fã (ɛba fam ankasa), nanso ahoɔhare a wɔde charge no yɛ kɛse (5C nyɛ ɔhaw biara, charge a edi mũ wɔ simma 12 mu), cycle nkwa yɛ kɛse (15000+ cycles), awɔw bere mu adwumayɛ yɛ kɛse (ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ minus 30℃). Bo nso yɛ nea ɛboro so. Nsɛm mmienu a nteaseɛ wɔ LTO mu: adwumayɛ a ɛkɔ so 24/7 a simma 10 kɔsi 15 pɛ na ɛbɔ mfɛnsere, anaa nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛwɔ ɔhyew a ɛwɔ sub-zero a ɛyɛ aniberesɛm. Sɛ wo adwuma no fata tebea abien no mu biara a, LTO bo a wɔbɔ no yiye no fata.
| Korɔ | Ahoɔden a Ɛyɛ Den | Kyinhyia ahorow | Nsɛm a ɛfa ho |
|---|---|---|---|
| LFP na ɛwɔ hɔ | 90 kosi 160 Wh/kg | 2000 kosi 5000 | Handles 1C charging fine, adwuma kɔ fam kodu minus 20℃, ɛka a ɛkɔ fam. |
| NMC na ɛwɔ hɔ | 150 kosi 220 Wh/kg | 1000 kosi 2000 mu | Hwɛ yie wɔ soro 1C charging, average awɔw adwumayɛ, higher cost. |
| LTO | 50 kosi 80 Wh/kg | 15000 kosi 20000 | Handles 5C charging, adwuma wɔ minus 30℃, ɛho ka a ɛkɔ soro kɛse. |
LFP Chemistry koro no ara, Tumi a Ɛsono: Sɛnea Wɔpaw
Nkurɔfo bisa eyi pii. Nnipa dodow no ara a wɔde nneɛma ma no nkyerɛkyerɛ mu yiye efisɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wotɔ akɛse (higher margin).
So kɛse ye bere nyinaa? Daabi.
Ɔhaw akɛse a ɛfa tumi ho
Nea edi kan no, emu duru.100Ah LFP pack mu duru bɛyɛ 45kg, 200Ah mu duru yɛ 85kg. Saa 40kg a ɛboro so no twa payload tumi mu anaasɛ ɛma ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma wɔ akwantu biara mu no kɔ soro.
Nea ɛto so abien, bere a wɔde gye sika.Sɛ 0.5C a, 100Ah gye nnɔnhwerew 2, 200Ah gye nnɔnhwerew 4.
Tɔ so mmiɛnsa,sɛ shift biara de battery ahoɔden 30% pɛ na edi dwuma a, saa nkwammoaa no mu 70% tra tebea a ɛkorɔn mu da biara, na ɛma kalenda no nyin ntɛmntɛm.
Nneɛma nketenkete ho haw ahorow
Ɔhaw nketewa a ɛfa tumi ho no da adi: bere tiaa a wɔde tu mmirika, asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ kar bewuwu mid-shift sɛ charge nhyehyɛe no hwe ase a.
Me sizing nnyinasosɛm
Hwɛ ahoɔden dodow a kar no de di dwuma ankasa wɔ hokwan ahorow a wɔde bɛbɔ charge ntam, afei paw tumi sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wode 60% kosi 70% redi dwuma wɔ pack no mu wɔ cycle biara mu. Ɛnyɛ nea emu dɔ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛhaw nkwammoaa no, ɛnyɛ nea emu dɔ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛsɛe sika wɔ tumi a wɔmfa nni dwuma ho.
Nhwɛso: AGV tumi charge nnɔnhwerew 4 biara, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma 800W. Nnɔnhwerew anan wɔ 800W yɛ 3200Wh. Wɔ 48V mu no ɛno ne 67Ah. 100Ah pack kyerɛ sɛ 67% de di dwuma wɔ cycle biara mu. Ɛno ne ade a ɛyɛ dɛ no. 150Ah pack bi de 45% pɛ bedi dwuma wɔ cycle biara mu, asɛe capital wɔ cells a wɔnnya wɔn keep no so.
DOD ne Cycle Life: Saa Nimdeɛ Yi Bɛkora Wo Sika
DOD kyerɛ sɛ Depth of Discharge. Nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ batere nkwa so no sõ sen sɛnea nnipa dodow no ara hu.
Battery University (batteryuniversity.com) tintim sɔhwɛ data a mɛtwe adwene asi so tẽẽ:
LFP nkwammoaa a wɔde kyinhyia wɔ 100% DOD no du 80% tumi bɛyɛ kyinhyia 600. Nkwammoaa koro no ara a wɔkyinkyin wɔ 40% DOD mu no kyɛ bɛboro 3000 kyinhyia. Battery koro no ara, sakre a emu nnɔ ma ahoɔden a wɔde di dwuma nyinaa mmɔho pii wɔ ne nkwa nna mu sen sakre a emu dɔ.
Dɛn na eyi kyerɛ ankasa? Ɛyɛ papa sɛ wobɛtɔ tumi a ɛsõ kakra na wode ne fã pɛ adi dwuma sen sɛ wobɛtɔ nea wuhia pɛpɛɛpɛ na woayi afi mu wɔ kyinhyia biara mu. Ɔkwan a ɛtɔ so mmienu no hwɛ sɛ ne boɔ yɛ mmerɛw upfront nanso wobɛsesa battery mpɛn pii.
Yɛn gyinapɛn nhyehyɛe mprempren: SOC fam wɔ 20% kosi 25%, ɔdan atifi wɔ 80% kosi 85%, kar ahorow yɛ adwuma wɔ mfɛnsere yi mu. Sɛ wɔde hokwan charging ka ho a, battery nkwa trɛw mmɔho abien kosi abiɛsa sɛ wɔde toto charge/discharge cycling a edi mũ ho a.
Adwene a ɛnteɛ biako a wɔtaa nya
Nnipa pii susuw sɛ lithium batere hia bere ne bere mu ahoɔden a edi mũ na ama "atumi ayɛ calibrate." Ɛno yɛ nickel cadmium adwene, mfomso koraa ma lithium. Deep discharge sɛe electrode nhyehyɛe. Nnɛyi BMS de coulomb akontaabu di dwuma ma SOC akontaabu, enhia cycles a hwee nni mu ma calibration.
Charging Strategy: Hokwan Charging anaa Battery Swap
Akwan abien no nyinaa wɔ ne gyinabea. Wɔn mu biara nni hɔ a "ɛkɔ anim kɛse" fi awosu mu.
Hokwan a wɔde gye sika
Ɛyɛ adwuma bere a AGV a wɔde di dwuma no tra ase 75%. Kar ho ka bere a wɔretwɛn nnwuma, ntonto, nneɛma a wɔde gu mu/yi fi mu. Adesua biara gye simma 15 kosi 30. Sɛ ɛka bom yɛ runtime a ɛdɔɔso wɔ da no mu nyinaa. Ná ɛho nhia sɛ onipa de ne ho gye mu. LFP boa 1C charging, simma 15 de bɛyɛ 25% tumi ka ho, a ɛdɔɔso ma dɔnhwerew biako anaa abien foforo a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma.
Battery a wɔde sesa nneɛma
Ɛyɛ adwuma bere a dwumadie boro 95% na kar ntumi nnyina. Kar hyɛn swap station, battery sesa wɔ simma 2 kosi 5, ntɛm ara san kɔ adwuma. Trade-off: kar biara hia batere 2 kosi 3, swap mfiri a wɔatu ho ama, adwumayɛfo a wɔbɛyɛ swaps.
DHL asɛm no fata sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow. Wɔn wiase nyinaa nkyekyɛmu mmeae no de Locus Robotics adwumayɛkuw robɔt ahorow a hokwan a wɔde gye sika di dwuma. Picking efficiency nyaa nkɔsoɔ 50% kɔsii 70%, adwumam opira so teɛ 15% (fibea: DHL wɛbsaet ne Logistics Viewpoints coverage). Saa mfaso a wonya wɔ adwumayɛ mu no mfi robɔt ahorow no ankasa nkutoo mu. Hokwan a wɔde gye sika ma wotumi yɛ adwuma a obiara nnim nnɔnhwerew 24 ankasa. Adwumayɛfo ka a wɔkora so no yɛ kɛse.
Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia a Ɛyɛ Nwini Afiri
Sɛ wo adekoradan no wɔ frigye anaa frigye mmeae a, batere a wobɛpaw no hwehwɛ sɛ wohwɛ yiye kɛse.
Lithium batere wɔ ɔhaw abien wɔ awɔw mu. Nea edi kan no, tumi so tew: wɔ minus 10℃, LFP kura ebia 85% tumi; wɔ minus 20℃ebia 70%. Nea ɛto so abien, anohyeto ahorow a ɛfa charge ho: lithium a wɔde charge wɔ freezing ase no ma lithium plating ba anode no so. Ɛno yɛ daa ɔsɛe a ɛka ahobammɔ ho asiane ho. BMS dodow no ara pow charge current bere a cell hyew kɔ fam sen 0℃.
Ano aduru a mfaso wɔ so: hyehyɛ mmeae a wɔde batere bɛbɔ wɔ baabi a awɔw wom no akyi (kar ahorow fi adi kɔbɔ ka, ɛsan ba bere a wɔayɛ no), anaasɛ fa batere nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛwɔ ɔhyew a edi kan (nkwaboaa a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛboro nwini so ansa na woagye charge current) bedi dwuma.
Sɛ wo AGVs yɛ adwuma bere tenten a ɛba fam sen minus 25℃, ebia standard LFP rentwa. Susuw LTO anaasɛ batere soronko a wɔde nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn a ɛyɛ nwini ayɛ ho hwɛ. SVOLT LMFP nkwammoaa no kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ minus 30℃. Wɔakyekye gyinabea a ɛfata wɔ cold chain logistics mu. Ɛfata sɛ wɔhwehwɛ mu ma freezer applications.
Nkontaabu no a Wɔde Mmirikatu
Nkontaabu a ɛyɛ nokware. 48V AGV biako, abien-shift adwumayɛ (nnɔnhwerew 16 da biara), anum-mfeɛ horizon.
Lead acid kwan a wɔfa so yɛ no
Batere (2 a wɔde di akɔneaba):$4,000
Charger:$1,500 na ɛyɛ adwuma
Afe afe anyinam ahoɔden (5 yrs):$9,000
Afe afe nsiesie (5 yrs):$3,000
Nea wɔde besi ananmu (Afe 3):$4,000
Bere a wɔhwere (5 yrs):$12,000
Anum-mfe:ne nyinaa yɛ$33,500
LFP kwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma
Batere (baako pɛ):$12,000
Nneɛma a wɔde charge ntɛmntɛm:$3,500
Afe afe anyinam ahoɔden (5 yrs):$5,750
Nsiesiei:$0
Nea wɔde besi ananmu:$0
Bere a wɔhwere (5 yrs):$2,000
Anum-mfe:ne nyinaa yɛ$23,250
Sika a wɔde sie: $10,250, bɛyɛ 31%
Eyi nkan ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ lead acid a wɔtow gu anaasɛ lithium a aka wɔ mfe anum akyi no ho mpo.
Bere bɛn na ntease nni lithium mu? Single shift adwumayɛ (a ennu nnɔnhwerew 8 da biara), a wɔmfa nni dwuma pii. Lead acid ho ka a ɛba fam a wɔde di kan yɛ no gye mfe 7 kosi 8 ansa na wɔadi so. Sɛ wo project horizon yɛ mfe 3 kosi 5 pɛ na nokwarem no, wotu mmirika single shift nkutoo a, ebia lead acid pencil out yiye.
BMS: Ɛboro Ahobammɔ Amansin
Nnipa pii bu BMS sɛ amansin a wɔde bɔ wɔn ho ban ara kwa. Twitwa battery no bere a ɛrebɔ boro so, ɛboro-discharge, boro-mprempren, boro-ɔhyew. Adwuma a wɔayɛ. Nnɛyi BMS yɛ pii sen saa.
SOC akontaabu
BMS pa nya pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ wɔ plus anaa minus 1% kosi 3% (Infineon technical docs kyerɛ sɛ plus anaa minus 1% ma wɔn ano aduru). Dɛn nti na pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ ho hia? Wo dispatch system no betumi agyina kar biara ho ka ankasa a aka so ama nnwuma. Kar a wɔbɔ ka kɛse-nya nnwuma a ɛkɔ akyirikyiri, kar a wɔbɔ ka ketewa-nya mmirikatu tiawa anaasɛ wɔde wɔn ani kyerɛ charge. Sɛ SOC akontabuo mfomsoɔ yɛ 10% a, saa optimization yi bɛyɛ nea entumi nyɛ yie.
SOH a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so
Akwahosan Tebea a wɔde di akyi. BMS pa di capacity degradation curves akyi ma battery biara, bɔ kɔkɔ asram a ɛda yɛn anim bere a pack bi redi huammɔ no. Eye sen sɛ wobɛtwɛn kar a awu na woadi bere a ɛsɛ sɛ wogyae adwuma a egye ntɛmpɛ ho dwuma.
Ɔhyew a wɔhwɛ so yiye
Real-bere hwɛbea wɔ nsɛntitiriw pii wɔ pack no mu. Hu mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew ntɛm, ɛtew ahoɔden so ansa na ɔhaw ahorow no ayɛ kɛse.
Nkitahodi ho nhyehyɛe
CAN bus anaa RS485 a ɛka wo adekoradan sohwɛ nhyehyɛe no ho. Ma WMS nhu battery tebea ma kar biara.
Mma nnyɛ cheap wɔ BMS so. Yɛahu sɛ akraman sie dɔla ɔhaha kakraa bi wɔ sikasɛm nhyehyɛe BMS units so, afei wohu SOC akontaabu mfomso akɛse araa ma dispatch nhyehyɛe no ntumi mfa data no nni dwuma koraa. Ebia ɛbɛyɛ papa sɛ onni afã no.
Adansedi: Ɛnyɛ Krataa a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma Nkutoo
Adansedie mmienu na ɛho hia paa: UN38.3 ne IEC 62619.
UN38.3
Ɛkata akwantuo mu ahobammɔ so. Sɔ ɔsorokɔ simulation, ɔhyew kyinhyia, wosow, ahodwiriw, short circuit, overcharge, hyɛ a wɔhyɛ. Wɔhwehwɛ ma lithium batere biara a ɛtwa ahye. Dabi UN38.3, logistics nnwumakuw renka no.
IEC 62619 na ɛwɔ hɔ
Kata mfiridwuma mu lithium batere a wɔde di dwuma ahobammɔ so. Nneɛma a wɔde sɔ hwɛ no ne UN38.3 di nkitaho nanso wɔde wɔn adwene si adwumayɛ tebea horow so kɛse: nnadewa a ɛkɔ mu, sɔhwɛ a wɔde to fam, BMS dwumadi ho adansedi. IEC 62619 na ɛyɛ mfiridwuma nnyinasoɔ ma CE agyiraeɛhyɛdeɛ wɔ Europa, AS/NZS adansedie wɔ Australia, PSE pene wɔ Japan.
Asɛm a ɛho hia: adansedi ahorow fa nneɛma pɔtee bi ho, na ɛnyɛ wɔn a wɔyɛ no. Wɔn a wɔyɛ no binom di model biako ho adanse afei wɔbɔ adansedi krataa no wɔ biribiara a wɔtɔn so. Sɛ woretɔ a, hwɛ sɛ adansedi krataa no mfonini nɔma no ne nea woretɔ no hyia pɛpɛɛpɛ. Adansedi nkrataa a ɛne ne ho nhyia no so nni mfaso.
Supplier Nsɛm a Wɔakyerɛw
Kakraa bi a yɛadi ho dwuma:
Wɔ Chinafo a wɔde nneɛma ma mu no, BYD wɔ gua so kyɛfa kɛse wɔ anyinam ahoɔden forklift lithium batere mu, wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ bɛyɛ 60% wɔ China. Wɔn blade battery no de mfe 10 warranty ba. CATL ne Hangcha hyehyɛɛ JV bi a wɔfrɛ no Pengcheng New Energy a wɔde yɛ forklift ne AGV batere titiriw. Sɛ wode Hangcha kar ahorow redi dwuma dedaw a, ebia saa kwan no bɛyɛ mmerɛw.
Wɔ Atɔe Famfo a wɔde nneɛma ma mu no, EnerSys NexSys series no yɛ den. Wɔn NexSys AIR wireless charging system no boa lead acid, TPPL, ne lithium wɔ infrastructure koro no ara so. Mfaso wɔ so sɛ wo po so ahyɛn no redan afi lead acid so akɔ lithium so na wopɛ sɛ wobɔ wo charge equipment sika a wode asie no ho ban a.
Nsɛmmisa a ɛsɛ sɛ wobisa bere a woresusuw wɔn a wɔde nneɛma ma no ho no:
Cell yɛfo bɛn, grade bɛn (A-grade anaa B-grade)? So wobetumi de cycle life test data ama packs, na ɛnyɛ nkwammoaa a ɛda hɔ kwa kɛkɛ? So warranty kata capacity fade so anaasɛ huammɔdi koraa nkutoo? Ɔkwan bɛn so na wodi warranty claims ho dwuma (batere a wɔde bɛmena amanaman ntam no bo yɛ den na ɛyɛ brɛoo)?
Nsusuwii a Etwa To
Battery a wɔpaw no nyɛ bere biako-bere biako atɔ ho gyinaesi. Nea wopaw nnɛ no na ɛkyerɛ adwumayɛ ho ka ne nsiesie a ɛyɛ den wɔ mfe 5 kosi 10 a edi hɔ no mu. Mma nhwɛ bo a wodii kan tɔɔ no kɛkɛ. Bu mfe anum-mfe TCO ho akontaa ansa na woasi gyinae.
Sɛ wowɔ adwuma pɔtee bi wɔ adwuma no mu na ɛhia sɛ wogye wo battery spec no tom a, soma kɔ adwumayɛ parameters, sikasɛm nhyehyɛeɛ, ahwehwɛdeɛ soronko (cold storage, explosion-proof, unnusual dimensions). Yɛtiatia atopae a wɔtow gu yi bi so pɛn na yebetumi aboa wo ma woakwati.
