Dɛn ne sɔhwɛ nnyinasosɛm ne akwan titiriw a wɔfa so yɛ anyinam ahoɔden batere?
Nnyinasosɛm atitiriw ne akwan a wɔfa so sɔ tumi batere hwɛ .
Nneɛma titiriw a ɛma anyinam ahoɔden a ɛwɔ nnuru mu no tumi yɛ adwuma no bi ne tumi, ahoɔden, ahoɔden a ɛwɔ mu, emu ahoɔden, self-yiyi, storage adwumayɛ, ɔhyew adwumayɛ a ɛkorɔn ne nea ɛba fam, ne nea ɛkeka ho.Sɛdeɛ ɛyɛ nnuru tumi fibea a ɛtɔ so mmienu a ɛtaa ba no, tumi batere nso ka ahoɔden ne nsuo a ɛfiri mu adwumayɛ, kyinhyia adwumayɛ, nhyɛso Adwumayɛ ne ankasa-yi sɔhwɛ, nkwa sɔhwɛ, emu ahoɔden sɔhwɛ, nhyɛso sɔhwɛ a ɛwɔ mu, ne ahobammɔ sɔhwɛ, ne nea ɛkeka ho.
Sɛ yɛhwɛ kar ankasa a wɔde di dwuma no a, wɔyɛ sɔhwɛ ahorow a ɛfata ma kar a wɔde di dwuma no ne tumi batere a wɔde di dwuma wɔ anyinam ahoɔden kar ahorow mu sɛ sɔhwɛ ade no, te sɛ: static capacity detection, dynamic capacity detection, quiescent test, starting power test, rapid charge capability test, cycle life test, safety test, battery vibration test, partial power detection, maximum gradient power test, etc.
(1) Nneɛma a ɛma obi tumi yɛ adwuma a ɛnyɛ adwuma . Botae titiriw a ɛwɔ sɔhwɛ yi mu ne sɛ ɛbɛkyerɛ sɛ anyinam ahoɔden batere no wɔ ahoɔden ne ahoɔden a ɛdɔɔso bere a wɔde kar no redi dwuma ankasa no, na ebetumi ayɛ adwuma sɛnea ɛsɛ wɔ nsu a wɔde gu mu ne ɔhyew ahorow a wɔahyɛ ato hɔ no ase. Ɔkwan titiriw a wɔfa so yɛ sɔhwɛ no ne sɛ wɔbɛsɔ nsu a ɛkɔ fam a ɛyɛ brɛoo ahwɛ wɔ ɔhyew tebea a ɛkɔ so daa mu, na wɔde nsu a ɛkɔ mu no ba awiei bere a ahoɔden batere no ahoɔden no kɔ fam kodu bo a wɔahyɛ anaasɛ nkwammoaa biako a ɛwɔ tumi batere no mu (voltage difference) no hyia no du bo a wɔahyɛ.
(2) tumi a ɛma wotumi hu ade yiye .Bere a anyinam ahoɔden kar bi reyɛ adwuma no, ɔhyew a ɛyɛ adwuma ne sɛnea anyinam ahoɔden batere no fi mu no yɛ nea ɛyɛ nnam. Saa sɔhwɛ yi titiriw hu tumi a ɛwɔ power battery pack no mu wɔ dynamic discharge tebea mu, a ɛda adi titiriw wɔ ahoɔden ne tumi a ɛwɔ ɔhyew ne nsu a ɛkɔ mu no mu. Ɔkwan titiriw a wɔfa so sɔ hwɛ ne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ tumi a wɔde yɛ adwuma no sɔhwɛ a ɛfa anyinam ahoɔden battery pack no ho denam mprempren profile a wɔahyɛ ato hɔ anaasɛ mprempren profile a wɔaboaboa ano ankasa afi kar no application so. Wɔsesa sɔhwɛ no termination tebea no sɛnea sɔhwɛ tebea ne tumi batere no su te, nanso ne titiriw no, di gyinapɛn a ɛwɔ voltage a ɛrekɔ fam no akyi kosi bo pɔtee bi so. Saa kwan yi betumi ada anyinam ahoɔden kar ahorow a wɔde di dwuma ankasa no adi tẽẽ na ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.
(3) Nsɔhwɛ a ɛyɛ komm .Nsɔhwɛ yi botae ne sɛ ɛbɛhunu tumi a ɛwɔ power battery pack no mu bere a wɔmfa nni dwuma wɔ bere bi mu, a wɔde yɛ tebea a anyinam ahoɔden kar no nka kar no bere tenten bi na wɔagyaw batere no abue-circuit. Wɔsan frɛ quiescent test no sɛ self-discharge ne storage performance test, a ɛkyerɛ tumi a battery no tumi kura ne charge a wɔde asie no mu wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia tebea horow bi mu bere a ɛwɔ open-circuit tebea mu no.
(4) Tumi sɔhwɛ a wɔde fi ase . Esiane sɛ kar bi tumi a wɔde fi ase no yɛ kɛse nti, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛdan akɔ kar no ase wɔ ɔhyew tebea horow mu no, wɔyɛ tumi sɔhwɛ ahorow a efi ase wɔ anyinam ahoɔden batere no so wɔ ɔhyew a ɛba fam ($−18\\text{℃}$) ne ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro ($50\\text{℃}$). Saa sɔhwɛ yi, de ka ho a wɔsusu wɔ dan mu hyew mu no, mpɛn pii no, wɔde SOC bo nso si hɔ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobehu sɛnea batere no tumi fi nsu mu wɔ tebea ahorow mu. Nsɔhwɛ a wɔtaa yɛ ne tumi sɔhwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ $90\\%$, $50\\%$, ne $20\\%$ SOC.
(5) Ntɛmntɛm a ɛma obi tumi yɛ adwuma yiye ho sɔhwɛ .Botaeɛ a ɛwɔ sɔhwɛ yi mu ne sɛ ɛbɛsɔ battery no ahoɔden a ɛyɛ ntɛmntɛm no ahwɛ denam-rate charging tests a ɛwɔ power battery pack no so, na yɛahwehwɛ sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma yie, ɔhyeɛ awoɔ, ne ne nkɛntɛnsoɔ wɔ agyapadeɛ foforɔ so. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobɛbɔ ka ntɛmntɛm no, USABC gyinapɛn no botae ne sɛ battery SOC no bɛsan agye afi $40\\%$ akɔ $80\\%$ wɔ $15\\text{min}$ mu. Mprempren, gyinapɛn a Japan Chademo Fekuw no de asi hɔ no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde anyinam ahoɔden kar a ɛma anyinam ahoɔden no batere a wɔde bɛbɔ ka bɛyɛ $10\\text{min}$ betumi ama kar no atu kwan $50\\text{km}$; Charging a ɛboro $30\\text{min}$ betumi ama kar no atu kwan $100\\text{km}$.
(6) Cycle Life Sɔhwɛ .Battery no kyinhyia nkwa no ka sikasɛm mu mfaso a ɛwɔ batere a wɔde di dwuma no so tẽẽ. Sɛ battery no tumi ankasa no sua sen $80\\% a ɛwɔ tumi a edi kan anaa tumi a wɔde ahyɛ mu no a, wobu tumi batere no sɛ adu ne nkwa nna awiei. Ɔkwan titiriw a wɔfa so yɛ sɔhwɛ yi ne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ charge ne discharge cycles wɔ tebea horow bi mu, de cycle dodow no adi dwuma sɛ ne nkwa ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu. Esiane sɛ sɔhwɛ bere a wɔde yɛ anyinam ahoɔden batere no ware nti, mpɛn pii no, sɔhwɛ no di asram pii anaa afe biako mpo. Enti, wɔ adwumayɛ a mfaso wɔ so mu no, wɔtaa de akwan a wɔfa so kyerɛ sɔhwɛ kyinhyia dodow, susuw tumi a ɛsɛe, na afei wɔyɛ linear extrapolation a egyina saa nsɛm yi so di dwuma de sɔ hwɛ. Wɔ nhwehwɛmu mu no, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma ahoɔden batere nkwa sɔhwɛ bere no ayɛ tiaa no, wɔreyɛ nhwehwɛmu nso wɔ batere a ɛrebɔ ntɛmntɛm no ho denam sɔhwɛ no mu hyew ne charge/discharge rates a wɔbɛma akɔ soro so de asɔ tumi batere ne anyinam ahoɔden batere no nkwa nna ahwɛ.
(7) Ahobammɔ ho sɔhwɛ .Battery ahobanbɔ adwumayɛ kyerɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔhaw a ebetumi aba nnipa so ne nnwinnade a ebia ɛnam batere a wɔkora so a wɔkora so na wɔde di dwuma so. Titiriw bere a wɔde batere no di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so no, ahoɔden pɔtee a wɔde hyɛ mu no ma batere no mu nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu no yɛ honam fam anaa nnuru a ɛma ɔhyew kɛse ba no. Sɛ ɔhyew no ntumi nkɔ bere mu a, ebetumi ama batere no ayɛ hyew. Thermal runaway betumi ama battery no ayɛ kɛse, ama mframa a ɛyɛ hyew aba, abubu, apaapae, na ogya de ka ho, na ɛde akwanhyia ba. Wɔ nnuru ahoɔden fibea pii mu no, lithium-ion batere ahobammɔ ho hia titiriw. Nneɛma a wɔtaa de sɔ ahobanbɔ hwɛ ma anyinam ahoɔden batere no wɔakyerɛ wɔ Table 6-1.
Table 6-1 Ahobanbɔ ho sɔhwɛ a wɔtaa yɛ ma anyinam ahoɔden batere .
| Ɔfa | Akwan titiriw a wɔfa so yɛ sɔhwɛ . |
| Ɛlektrik adwumayɛ ho sɔhwɛ . | Overcharge, over-discharge, abɔnten tiawa circuit, hot discharge, ne nea ɛkeka ho. |
| Mfiridwuma mu sɔhwɛ . | Free fall, impact, extrusion, vibration, extrusion, ne nea ɛkeka ho. |
| Ɔhyew ho sɔhwɛ . | Ɔhyew, ɔhyew ho mfoniniyɛ, ɔhyew a ɛma obi ho yɛ hyew, ɔhyew a ɛsakrasakra, ne nea ɛkeka ho. |
| Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho sɔhwɛ . | Vacuum simulation, nsu a wɔde hyɛ mu, nsu a ɛyɛ hyew, ne nea ɛkeka ho. |
(8) batere a ɛwosow sɔhwɛ .Sɔhwɛ yi atirimpɔw ne sɛ wobehu nkɛntɛnso a wosow a ɛtaa ba ne ahodwiriw a akwan de ba wɔ tumi batere ne anyinam ahoɔden batere a wɔde di dwuma no adwumayɛ ne nkwa so. Battery vibration sɔhwɛ no titiriw hwehwɛ vibration durability of the power battery (pack) na ɛde eyi di dwuma sɛ nnyinaso de kyerɛ structure design nkɔso a ɛwɔ power battery (pack) no kwan. Vibration ahorow abien na ɛwɔ vibration sɔhwɛ mu: sinusoidal vibration anaasɛ random wosow. Esiane sɛ wɔde batere a ɛma ahoɔden di dwuma titiriw wɔ kar mu nti, wɔtaa gye wosow a ɛba kwa no tom na ama wɔayɛ sɛnea batere no yɛ adwuma ankasa no ho mfonini yiye.
Nea ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no yɛ ahwehwɛde ahorow bi a ɛfa anyinam ahoɔden batere a wɔsɔ hwɛ (packs) ho ara kwa. Nsɔhwɛ no mu nsusuwii pɔtee ne nea wɔhwehwɛ no bɛsono sɛnea anyinam ahoɔden batere no te. Table 6-2 kyerɛ ahobanbɔ adwumayɛ ahwehwɛdeɛ ne sɔhwɛ akwan a wɔfa so yɛ lithium-ion battery packs ne nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ anyinam ahoɔden kar mu.
Table 6-2 Ahobanbɔ adwumayɛ ho ahwehwɛdeɛ ne sɔhwɛ akwan a wɔfa so yɛ lithium-ion batere ne nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛwɔ anyinam ahoɔden kar mu .
| Adeɛ | Ɔfa | Ɔkwan a wɔfa so sɔ hwɛ . | Ahobammɔ ho ahwehwɛde ahorow . |
| Ahobammɔ ho sɔhwɛ a wɔtaa yɛ (Table 6-1) . | Ɛlektrik adwumayɛ ho sɔhwɛ . | Overcharge, over-discharge, abɔnten tiawa circuit, hot discharge, ne nea ɛkeka ho. | N/A |
| Mfiridwuma mu sɔhwɛ . | Free fall, impact, extrusion, vibration, extrusion, ne nea ɛkeka ho. | N/A | |
| Ɔhyew ho sɔhwɛ . | Ɔhyew, ɔhyew ho mfoniniyɛ, ɔhyew a ɛma obi ho yɛ hyew, ɔhyew a ɛsakrasakra, ne nea ɛkeka ho. | N/A | |
| Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho sɔhwɛ . | Vacuum simulation, nsu a wɔde hyɛ mu, nsu a ɛyɛ hyew, ne nea ɛkeka ho. | N/A | |
| EV li-ion battery ahobanbɔ (Table 6-2) . | wosow . | 1. Sɔ adeɛ hwɛ: Battery pack anaa system. 1. Hwɛ kar a wɔde si so ho ahwehwɛdeɛ ne GB/T 2423.43-2008, fa gu vibration table so. Sɔ hwɛ wɔ akwan 3 so ($y \\to x \\to z$). Adeyɛ kyerɛ GB/T 2423.56-2018. 2. ma nipadua a ɛwɔ fam no, sɔ parameters hwɛ sɛnea 7.1.1.2 wɔ GB/T 31467.3-2015. 3. sɔhwɛ bere yɛ $2\\text{h}$ wɔ akwankyerɛ biara mu (wobetumi atew so akɔ $0.5\\text{H}$). $2\\text{H}$ Wɔma kwan ma wɔhwɛ bere a $30\\text{min}$. 4. hwɛ nea ɛba fam koraa a wɔde hwɛ ade so (voltage, resistance, temp). 5. Hwɛ $2\\text{H}$ bere a wɔresɔ ahwɛ{18}}Wɔ ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri ho:me. Anim-Mount: Sɔhwɛ wɔ 7.1.1.2.1 biara mu wɔ GB/T 31467.3-2015 mu. Mmeae afoforo: Sɔhwɛ per GB/T 28046.3-2011. $2\\text{h}$ wɔ $z$-axis akwan horow so. Nneɛma a ɛwɔ akyi: Excitation mode a wɔyɛ. ii. Yɛ adwuma wɔ $3.2$ mode mu wɔ GB/T 28046.1-2011 mu. | Ɛsɛ sɛ batere anaa nhyehyɛe: nni voltage decay biara wɔ minimum monitoring unit ($ .< 0.5\text{V}$), remain intact, structure sound, no leakage, no rupture, fire, or explosion. Insulation resistance $\ge 100\text{Ω}/\text{V}$ within $30\text{min}$ after test. Electronic devices: Reliable connection, structure sound, no disconnection. Post-test parameters meet Table 1 in GB/T 31467.3-2015. |
| Mfiridwuma mu ahodwiriw . | 1. Sɔ adeɛ hwɛ: Battery pack anaa system. 2. Hwɛ 7.2 shock $25\\text{g}\\text-}15\\text{MS}$ fã-Sine pulse wɔ GB/T 31467.3- | Nsu a ɛtwetwe, akyi a ɛpaapae, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae biara nni hɔ. Insulation Resistance $\\GE 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{v}$. | |
| Gyae mu | 1. Sɔ adeɛ hwɛ: Battery pack anaa system. 2. D da firi $1\\text{m}$ kɔ asase a ɛyɛ den so wɔ kwan a ɛda adi sɛ ɛbɛtɔ fam (anyɛ saa a, ɛyɛ gyinabea a ɛyɛ den sɛ ɛbɛtɔ fam, $x$-axis sɔhwɛ), hwɛ $2\\text{h}$. | No discharge current lock, voltage surge anaasɛ leakage, akyi casing rupture, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae. Insulation Resistance $\\GE 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{v}$ wɔ sɔhwɛ akyi. | |
| Rollover . | 1. Sɔ adeɛ hwɛ: Battery pack anaa system. 2. Hwɛ 7.3.2 wɔ GB/T 31467.3-2015: $90\\text{℃}$ Tilt for $6\\text{h}$, afei $90\\text{degree }kɔsi $1\\Tul{Lef{Let{Hox{060.060606060.60.60.Dobs. Hwɛ $2\\text{H}$. 3. dannan $360\\text{degree }$ twa $x${22}}axis ho hyia wɔ $6\\text{degree }/\\text{S}$, afei $90\\text{degree }$ increments, kura $1\\Text{H} a wɔabara no biara, $360\\Tul{Doul{Dol. Hwɛ $2\\text{h}$. 4. dannan $360\\text{degree }$ twa $y$-axis ho hyia wɔ $6\\text{℃}/\\text{s}$, afei $90\\text{degree }$ increments, kura $1\\text{H}$ biara, $360\\Text{℃}$Dol }$$. Hwɛ $2\\text{h}$. | Nsu a ɛtwetwe, akyi a ɛpaapae, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae biara no nkɔ so nnya nkitahodi a wotumi de ho to so. Insulation Resistance $\\GE 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{v}$ wɔ sɔhwɛ akyi. | |
| Maximum gradient . | 1. Sɔ adeɛ hwɛ: Battery pack anaa system. 2. a wɔde ahyɛ trolley so tẽẽ. Tia pulse a wɔakyerɛ wɔ Fig 3 a ɛwɔ Table 7 wɔ SAE J2380 anaa GB/T 31467.3-2015 (a ɛka $X$-axis $5\\text{s}$ ho, wɔ $y$-}axis $5\\Text{s}$) wɔ akwantu a ɛkɔ soro no mu wɔ akwantu mu (wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no. | Nsu a ɛtwetwe, akyi a ɛpaapae, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae biara nni hɔ. Insulation Resistance $\\GE 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{v}$ wɔ sɔhwɛ akyi. | |
| Yam | 1. Test Object: Battery Pack or System. 2. Crush conditions: ① Crushing surface: $12.5\text{mm}$ diameter semi-cylinder, length $>$ ne tɛtrɛtɛ. 2 Akwankyerɛ: $x$-axis, $y$-axis. 3 Ahoɔden: Mfitiaseɛ $200\\text{kn}$ anaasɛ gyina $30\\%$ deformation. 4 Hwɛ $1\\text{h}$. 5 Fa $10\\text{min}$. | Nsu a ɛretu, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae biara nni hɔ. Insulation Resistance $\\GE 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{v}$ wɔ sɔhwɛ akyi. Ogya anaa ɔtopae biara nni hɔ (ma ahwehwɛde ahorow a ɛto so abien no). | |
| Ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hyew . | 1. Sɔ ade: Battery pack anaa nhyehyɛe. 2. ɔhyew a ɛsesa $(-40\\pm2)\\text{℃}$, max $30\\text{min}$ bere tenten wɔ nea ɛboro so. Fa sie biribiara a ɛboro so ma $6\\text{h}$, $5$ kyinhyia. Hwɛ $2\\text{h}$ wɔ dan mu temp. | Nsu a ɛtwetwe, akyi a ɛpaapae, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae biara nni hɔ. Insulation Resistance $\\GE 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{v}$ wɔ sɔhwɛ akyi. | |
| Ɔhyew a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛyɛ nwini . | 1. Sɔ adeɛ: Battery pack anaa system. 2. Hwɛ GB/T 2423.4-2018 Test $DB$ damp heat cycles. Mfonini 4 wɔ GB/T 31467.3-2015 ($80\\text{℃}$ max temp), $5$ kyinhyia. Hwɛ $2\\text{h}$ wɔ dan mu temp. | Nsu a ɛtwetwe, akyi a ɛpaapae, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae biara nni hɔ. Insulation Resistance $\\GE 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{v}$ wɔ $30\\text{min}$ mu wɔ sɔhwɛ akyi. | |
| Po mu nsu a wɔde gu mu . | . Sɛn so denam hydraulic valve form so. | Ogya anaa ɔtopae biara nni hɔ. | |
| Ogya a ɛwɔ akyi . | 1. Sɔ adeɛ: Battery pack anaa system. 2. Hwɛ 7.10 abɔnten ogya wɔ GB/T 31467.3-2015. | Ogya anaa ɔtopae biara nni hɔ. Sɛ ogya no ba a, ɛsɛ sɛ wodum wɔ $2\\text{min}$ mu wɔ ogya fibea a woyi fi hɔ akyi. | |
| Nkyene a wɔde petepete so . | 1. Sɔ adeɛ: Battery pack anaa system. 2. Hwɛ 7.11 nkyene a wɔde petepete so wɔ GB/T 31467.3-2015 mu. | Nsu a ɛtwetwe, akyi a ɛpaapae, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae biara nni hɔ. | |
| Ɛhɔ yɛ beae a ɛkorɔn . | 1. Sɔ adeɛ hwɛ: Battery pack anaa system. 2. ALTITUDE $4000\\text{m}$ anaasɛ nhyɛsoɔ a ɛne no sɛ, dan mu hyew. 3. a wɔde asie $5\\text{h}$ wɔ sɔhwɛ tebea mu wɔ 7.12.2 a ɛwɔ GB/T 31467.3- Twitwa-a-wɔatwa. Hwɛ $2\\text{h}$. | No discharge current lock, voltage surge anaasɛ leakage, akyi casing rupture, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae. Insulation Resistance $\\GE 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{v}$ wɔ sɔhwɛ akyi. | |
| Wɔ-Ɔhyew ho banbɔ so . | 1. Sɔ adeɛ: Battery nhyehyɛeɛ. 2. Hwɛ 7.13 so-temperature ahobanbɔ wɔ GB/T 31467.3-2015. | BMS bɛyɛ adwuma. Gas a ɛretu, akyi casing rupture, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae biara. Insulation Resistance $\\GE 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{v}$ wɔ sɔhwɛ akyi. | |
| Ɔmansin no ho banbɔ tiawa . | 1. Sɔhwɛ adeɛ: Battery nhyehyɛeɛ. 2. Hwɛ 7.14 short circuit ahobanbɔ wɔ GB/T 31467.3-2015. | Ahobanbɔ afiri no bɛyɛ adwuma. Nsu a ɛtwetwe, akyi a ɛpaapae, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae biara nni hɔ. Insulation Resistance $\\GE 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{v}$ wɔ sɔhwɛ akyi. | |
| Ahobammɔ a ɛboro so ho banbɔ . | 1. Sɔhwɛ adeɛ: Battery nhyehyɛeɛ. 2. Hwɛ 7.15 overcharge ahobanbɔ wɔ GB/T 31467.3-2015 mu. | BMS bɛyɛ adwuma. Gas a ɛretu, akyi casing rupture, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae biara. Insulation Resistance $\\GE 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{v}$ wɔ sɔhwɛ akyi. | |
| Over-yi ahobammɔ fi hɔ . | 1. Sɔ adeɛ: Battery nhyehyɛeɛ. 2. Hwɛ 7.16 so-yi ahobanbɔ a ɛwɔ GB/T 31467.3-2015 mu. | BMS bɛyɛ adwuma. Gas a ɛretu, akyi casing rupture, ogya, anaasɛ ɛpae biara. Insulation Resistance $\\GE 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{v}$ wɔ sɔhwɛ akyi. |
Hyɛ no nsow: Table 6-2 Nsɛm titiriw a wɔde gyina hɔ ma GB/T 31467.3-2015, GB/T 2423.43-2008, GB/T 2423.56-2018, ne GB/T 28046.1-2011.
